Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.     

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

10种除草剂及组合对芨芨草的防效评价

为筛选出对芨芨草具有高效防除作用的除草剂品种及组合,本研究采用茎叶喷雾法分别在芨芨草开花期和平茬(成株芨芨草离地面15 cm刈割)后第3天施药,测定了10种常用除草剂品种和6个除草剂组合对芨芨草的防除效果,获得了"花期茎叶喷施除草剂"和"平茬+喷施除草剂方式"清除芨芨草技术。1)开花期:18%草铵膦AS在有效剂量(下同)405 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达100%;41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS剂量为922.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达87.18%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为216 g/hm~2时,药后15 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达77.03%;18%草铵膦AS 180 g/hm~2+10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 37.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达91.30%。2)平茬后:18%草铵膦AS、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS均药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效均大于87%;30%苯唑草酮SC剂量为22.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.97%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为144 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达88.21%;15.8%精喹禾灵EC剂量135 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.26%;12.5%烯禾啶EC 112.5 g/hm~2+15.8%精喹禾灵EC 15.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达97.97%。     

日本环境保全型耕地农业系统对中国耕地保护的启示

为解决中国农业长期粗放经营问题,研究中国耕地与生态文明协同保护体系,采用文献研究法和归纳演绎法,分析东亚地区代表国家环境保全型农业下的耕地农业协同体系。研究表明,日本的耕地农业环境保护支付制度、生态补偿市场认证体系、耕地农业法律制度保障,是建立在生态补偿原则上,经过实践检验行之有效的,能够提升市场参与度及农民自主性投入的耕地生态协同保护措施。中国在推广耕地合理利用实践方面做出了不懈努力,但是在建立耕地生态协同保护的休耕制度、因地制宜建立生态补偿体系、加快推进耕地生态协同保护专项基金的设立等方面还需进一步坚持和完善。     

有机肥配施生物刺激素对土壤微生物和番茄生长及产量的影响

探讨有机肥配施生物刺激素对土壤微生物、植株长势及产量的影响,为植物生长提供优化的施肥方案。以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)为试验材料,田间小区试验采用随机区组设计,设置4个处理,分别为对照(CK)、细沙配施0.1%生物刺激素、福邦5%有机肥、福邦5%有机肥配施0.1%生物刺激素。检测了各试验小区土壤微生物的变化情况、番茄植株的长势和产量等数据,统计分析了各处理间差异。结果表明,5%有机肥配施0.1%生物刺激素处理能显著提高土壤中真菌、细菌、放线菌的数量;番茄植株的长势、产量明显高于其他3个处理。由此可知,5%有机肥配施0.1%生物刺激素能够显著提高土壤有益微生物种群,促进植物生长,既能提高蔬菜产量,又能改善品质。     

不同磷水平下接种解磷菌剂对生菜促生效应及土壤磷素形态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了在4种不同施磷水平下施用解磷菌剂对生菜(Lactucas sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.)促生效应及土壤磷素形态的影响。结果表明,在土壤缺磷情况下,施用解磷菌剂能提高生菜叶和根的鲜重和干重,提高叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率,增加植株磷素吸收量,提高生菜的品质和产量,并能减少土壤中全磷含量的积累,促进土壤有效磷的释放和土壤库中有效磷的积累。在土壤磷素丰富的情况下,施用解磷菌剂对生菜的生长和土壤磷素营养促进作用较弱。土壤添加磷肥量为0.375 g/kg,解磷菌剂对生菜的促生效应和土壤磷素释放效果最佳。解磷菌剂的应用不仅能减少农田土壤磷素的流失,减轻农田土壤磷面源污染的风险,还能为蔬菜生产保质保量,达到收益最大化。     

烟·硝·莠去津-精异丙甲草胺组合防除春玉米杂草效果与安全性

以春玉米大田单独苗前封闭除草方式、单独苗后除草方式为对照,调查苗前封闭除草结合苗后除草施用方式对湖南省永州市玉米田主要杂草空心莲子草[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.]、藜(Chenopodium album L.)和野艾蒿(Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC)的防效及对玉米的安全性。结果表明,苗前喷施精异丙甲草胺1 200～1 800 g/hm~2封闭除草,结合苗后喷施28%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮复配剂2 100～3 000 g/hm~2除草的方式,对3种杂草在苗后除草剂施药后55 d的株防效和鲜重防效均在90%以上,总体高于单独处理且具长效性和安全性。     

膜荚黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过室内生物测定法,研究了黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感影响。结果表明,黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长均有明显的化感作用,其中根受到的化感抑制大于地上部分,种子萌发阶段受到的化感抑制大于幼苗生长阶段。不同受体的发芽势、最长根长和根冠比受到的化感抑制最强。4种作物的化感敏感性为小麦>板蓝根>大麦>大豆。因此,选择与黄芪轮作、套作的作物时,优先选择大豆和大麦,其次为板蓝根。     

我国高等学校审计制度变迁分析

新制度经济学中的制度变迁理论对我国高等学校审计制度变迁具有重大理论指导价值。在回顾历史的基础上,对我国高校审计制度供求变化进行分析,挖掘影响我国高等学校审计制度变迁的成因,提出我国高等学校审计制度的变迁方式将是强制性制度变迁和诱致性制度变迁相结合。改变以往只对制度进行静态研究和比较研究的传统方式,以动态的视角对我国高等学校审计制度进行研究,以期能对现阶段我国的高校审计改革提供有益的借鉴。