半干旱区不同覆膜时期、方式与膜色对土壤水分及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏中部干旱区,通过两年田间试验研究了不同覆膜时期、方式及膜色处理对马铃薯农田土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：与裸地栽培相比较,各处理均能提高土壤水分。早春双垄全膜0～100 cm土壤水分含量沟内白膜18.10%和黑膜19.73%,节水18.66 mm和38.46 mm,半膜覆盖白膜17.94%和黑膜16.70%,节水16.77 mm和1.89 mm;马铃薯苗期—现蕾期—开花期—块茎生长期生育阶段,2010—2011年各处理0～200 cm土壤贮水量较裸地高,早春白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水39.23～40.65、24.51～31.08 mm和21.75～30.88 mm,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水56.85～20.21、37.81～-4.72 mm和29.06～-3.26 mm,播期白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水84.04、88.46 mm和58.87 mm,播期黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水94.90、60.59 mm和71.94 mm,早春白膜半膜平覆处理节水45.53～-12.25、22.95～6.28 mm和44.97～32.45 mm,早春黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-7.42～18.15、-15.83～16.53 mm和15.85～-17.12 mm,播期白膜半膜平覆处理节水24.03、-3.79 mm和20.32 mm,播期黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-5.2、-40.42 mm和-3.34 mm。各处理0～200 cm土壤水分垂直变化,0～40 cm土壤水分最活跃层次,无明显变化规律,40～80 cm土壤水分变化呈现出规律变化,土壤水分含量表现为高—低—高—低,水分蓄墒层,80～120 cm土层水分缺墒层,120～200 cm深墒 稳定层。地膜栽培能提高马铃薯产量,早春白膜双垄全覆膜模式马铃薯鲜薯产量35 007.85 kg·hm^-2,较裸地增产29.31%,降水生产效率116.35 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,提高36.15%,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜模式33 823.75 kg·hm^-2,增产24.9%,降水生产效率105.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,提高25%。在干旱地区应推广提早覆膜、双垄全覆膜、膜色黑膜或白膜的抗旱节水栽培模式,该模式节水、增产、生态效益明显。     

不同水肥配合对马铃薯产量的影响

通过马铃薯膜下滴灌水肥耦合盆栽试验,以补水时期（X₁）、补灌定额(X₂）、施氮量（X₃）、施磷量（X₄）、施钾量（X₅）为试验因素,采用5因素5水平（1/2实施）的二次旋转回归正交组合试验设计。研究了不同氮、磷、钾配施对马铃薯产量的影响,创建了马铃薯产量与补水时期、氮、磷、钾施用量和灌水量关系方程。结果表明：各因素的作用顺序为：X₅＞X₄＞X₃＞X₂＞X ₁,各因子的交互项对马铃薯产量的影响顺序为X₄X₅＞X₃X₅＞X₂X₄＞X₂X₅＞X₂X₃;在以产量为目标函数时,最高产量为33.785 t·hm^-2时,补水时期为苗期灌水总量为灌溉定额的25%、现蕾期灌水总量为灌溉定额25%、初花期灌水总量为灌溉定额的50%;水肥耦合关系为灌溉定额为822 m³·hm^-2,施氮量、施磷量、施钾量分别为73.5 kg·hm^-2、224.4 kg·hm^-2、223.8 kg·hm^-2。     

珠三角农业流动人口“代耕农”的社会融合问题——以中山市西区沙朗、隆平、隆昌社区为中心

"代耕农"是农业流动人口中的特殊弱势群体,对珠三角经济与社会发展有特殊的历史贡献。但其至今尚未真正融入珠三角的主流社会,始终保持着"定居不融合"的状态,体现出一定的社会不适应性。他们遭遇诸多社会排斥与歧视,面临居住隔离、交往狭隘及社会保障待遇不公等社会融合困难。以中山市西区的"代耕农"为中心,分析"代耕农"社会融合的基本状况及其制约因素,进而提出"代耕农"的社会融合路径。     

改性白果壳对水溶液中重金属镉的吸附研究

为实现农林废弃物的资源化利用和开辟廉价、高效的重金属吸附剂,利用1%KMnO4溶液对白果壳进行化学改性,制备成KMnO4改性白果壳(命名为WSK),用于水溶液中Cd2+的吸附,研究温度、pH、反应时间、初始Cd2+浓度4个因素对WSK吸附Cd2+的影响,并通过模型拟合、电镜扫描(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)分析,对吸附机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,WSK是一种理想的Cd2+吸附剂,其吸附性能受温度、pH、反应时间、Cd2+初始浓度的影响。吸附量与体系温度呈正相关,温度越高吸附量越大;随pH的增加吸附量先升高后降低,pH为5.5时,吸附效果最佳;在60 min后基本达到吸附平衡;随着Cd2+初始浓度的升高,WSK对水中Cd2+的吸附量逐渐增加,当Cd2+浓度为300 mg·L-1时,去除率为94.49%,基本达到吸附饱和。WSK对水中Cd2+的吸附符合Freundlich模型,决定系数R2为0.94,最大吸附量为119.76mg·g-1;吸附过程符合二级动力学吸附模型,R2为0.999 5。SEM照片显示WSK表面呈多孔结构,增加了WSK的比表面积、孔容及表面吸附位点,这有助于提高其吸附性能。红外光谱图分析表明,WSK主要靠-OH、-COO-、-NH-、C=O、-P=O、-CH-等离子活性官能基团与Cd2+配位结合,其中-COO-起重要作用。     

二氧化碳、施氮量和移栽密度对汕优63产量形成的影响——FACE研究

大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高使水稻产量增加,但这种影响是否因不同栽培条件而异尚不清楚。2011年利用中国稻田FACE(Free Air CO2Enrichment)系统平台,以敏感水稻品种汕优63为供试材料,二氧化碳设环境CO2浓度(Ambient)和高CO2浓度(Ambient+200μmol·mol-1),施氮量设低氮(15 g·m-2)和高氮(25 g·m-2),移栽密度设低密度(16穴·m-2)和高密度(24穴·m-2),研究了不同栽培条件下大气CO2浓度升高对杂交水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明:高浓度CO2对水稻抽穗期和成熟期没有影响,但使结实期株高显著增高(+7%);使单位面积穗数(+8%)和每穗颖花数(+19%)明显增多,进而使单位面积颖花量大幅增加(+29%)。高浓度CO2条件下穗数增多主要与最高分蘖数明显增加有关,而分蘖成穗率显著下降;穗型增大主要由单茎干重而非单位干重形成的颖花数增加所致。高浓度CO2环境下水稻结实能力呈增加趋势,其中平均粒重的增幅达显著水平。大气CO2浓度升高使水稻籽粒产量平均增加36%,其中在低氮低密度、低氮高密度、高氮低密度和高氮高密度条件下分别增加43%、46%、34%、23%。增施氮肥或增加移栽密度使水稻产量略有下降,但均未达显著水平。以上结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下杂交水稻因库容量增大导致产量大幅增加,调整施氮水平和移栽密度可在一定程度上改变这种肥料效应。     

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺链构象转变以及溶剂化效应的分子动力学模拟

应用分子动力学方法模拟了聚合度为100的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺分子链在真空和稀水溶液中的构象转变。可以观察到分子链在500K下逐渐发生蜷缩,末端距下降,与实验现象定性一致。此外,研究结果还表明,随着温度的升高,高分子链重复结构单元NiPA上(C)O和(N)H基团均发生明显的去溶剂化作用,且高分子链段间发生聚集。     

银川市极端天气气候事件及其应对措施

近年来,随着全球气候变暖,极端天气也呈现逐渐增多的趋势。从近几年银川的天气个例中总结极端天气气候事件及其危害,从灾害中得到启示,为防灾减灾工作积累经验,并提出应对措施。     

2013年棉花市场形势分析与2014年展望

受经济增速趋缓、市场政策调控、需求疲软、供给充裕等因素影响,2013年中国棉花市场整体较为平淡。棉花进口量同比减少,但仍居历史高位。国内棉价总体平稳,国际棉价先涨后跌,国内外价差依然较大。受比较效益低下影响,预计2014年全球棉花产量继续下降,国内棉花种植面积下降8.1%。     

Effect of different methods for the induction of spermiation on semen quality in European eel

Five hormonal treatments with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were tested for the induction of maturation and spermiation in male farmed eels. The main aim was to optimize previously used hormonal treatments to achieve shorter induction treatments, longer spermiation periods and/or higher sperm quality. Fish treated for just 3 weeks (treatment E) or until the onset of spermiation (treatment C) showed the worst results, while the treatment consisting of weekly administration of 1.5 IU hCG g^?1 fish (treatment A) induced the highest percentage of spermiating males, the highest number of sperm samples and sperm volumes and densities similar to the rest of the treatments (B: half hormone dosage, or D: biweekly administration). Evaluation of the sperm quality was performed by computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA), considering the percentage of total motile spermatozoa, the percentage of fast and medium‐velocity spermatozoa, as well as different motility parameters. Sperm samples from A‐D groups showed between 44% and 54% motile spermatozoa, and between 10% and 15% fast spermatozoa, while samples from E‐treated males showed 0% motile cells. No significant differences were found in the spermatozoa straight line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) or the angular velocity (VAP), neither spermatozoa beating cross frequency (BCF) between A–D groups.     

Temporal changes in seabird assemblage structure and trait diversity in the Rapa Nui (Easter Island) multiple-use marine protected area

1. For Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and its largest islet, Motu Nui, the change of the species assemblage over time was analysed, and a trait-based approach to evaluate the potential losses in seabird function across the past centuries was applied. At a finer scale, the seasonal changes in seabird species composition in the current seabird assemblage was assessed to better understand the dynamics of the long-term inferred patterns.
2. For Rapa Nui, the composition of the seabird assemblage between the prehistorical, historical, and current time has changed significantly. The most critical change, probably associated with human colonization, was observed between prehistoric and current times. The current diminished number of nesting seabird species was probably the result of local extirpation without evidence of colonization by new species.
3. For Motu Nui, changes in species composition were also followed by changes in trait structure, which were smaller than observed in Rapa Nui. This is probably due to the presence of a relatively high number of related species (i.e. Procellariids) with high similarities in their foraging behaviour.
4. The nesting seabird assemblages in Rapa Nui and Motu Nui differ in exposure to risk; thus, conservation strategies applied to the islands should be planned on a fine spatial scale. For Rapa Nui, which is an urban wildlife area with several invasive species and a low number of remaining native seabird species, management should focus on fencing and pets control. For Motu Nui, management should instead focus on the establishment of quarantine and other biosecurity tools to avoid both the entry and proliferation of new invasive species.