The maternal nucleolus is essential for early embryonic development in mammals

With fertilization, the paternal and maternal contributions to the zygote are not equal. The oocyte and spermatozoon are equipped with complementary arsenals of cellular structures and molecules necessary for the creation of a developmentally competent embryo. We show that the nucleolus is exclusively of maternal origin. The maternal nucleolus is not necessary for oocyte maturation; however, it is necessary for the formation of pronuclear nucleoli after fertilization or parthenogenetic activation and is essential for further embryonic development. In addition, the nucleolus in the embryo produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer originates from the oocyte, demonstrating that the maternal nucleolus supports successful embryonic development.     

Detection of hexabromocyclododecane and its metabolite pentabromocyclododecene in chicken egg and fish from the official food control

During routine gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) analysis of chicken eggs, we observed that the most prominent peak in some samples did not match the retention time of any of the food contaminants screened. Subsequent GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) studies clarified that the mass spectrum of the peak was very similar to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), which was also identified by GC/MS in the egg. The unknown compound was positively identified as pentabromocyclododecene (PBCDE), a metabolite of HBCD detected for the first time in foodstuffs. Studies of the analytical method used for the analysis of pesticides and contaminants showed that this cleanup method was suitable for the determination of HBCD and PBCDE, but storage of sample extracts resulted in the loss of HBCD when the sample extracts were not sufficiently purified. The concentrations of HBCD and PBCDE in the high polluted sample were 2.0 and 3.6 mg/kg egg fat. HBCD and PBCDE were also detected in two additional eggs at lower levels (<0.15 mg/kg), whereas 75 eggs did not contain these compounds (<0.02 mg/kg). We also detected HBCD and PBCDE in two samples of whitefish (Coregonus sp.), while an eel sample (Anguilla anguilla) positively tested for HBCD did not contain PBCDE. Surprisingly, the potential metabolite of HBCD, PBCDE, has not been detected before in any food or environmental sample. The present results indicate that more attention should be paid to the detection of HBCD and its metabolite PBCDE in chicken eggs.