Entwicklung der Niederschlags-Deposition von Schwermetallen in West-Deutschland. 1. Blei und Cadmium

Development of heavy-metal deposition by precipitation in West Germany. 1. Lead and cadmium Between 1984 and 1993 the deposition of Pb and Cd with bulk precipitation was measured on 25 open field sites in 4 German federal states. The absolute amount of Pb and Cd deposition varies according to field sites and annual precipitation. In all studied areas, however, Pb deposition via bulk precipitation decreased significantly during the observation period. Considering all research areas under study, the average Pb deposition with bulk precipitation fell from 142 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 31 g ha^?1 in 1993 (r = ?0.934***). This decrease in Pb deposition correlates with the prognosticated decline in Pb emissions that occurred in Germany during the same time period owing to the introduction of unleaded motor fuels in 1984. Average Cd deposition on all research stations fell from 3.4 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 2.0 g ha^?1 in 1993 (r = ?0.900***). However, in contrast to Pb, the reduction of Cd deposition was significant only at 11 of 25 research stations. The reduction in Cd deposition with precipitation is substantially lower than the reduction in Cd emissions prognosticated.     

Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Landspreading of Slurry as Influenced by Application Technique and Dry Matter-Reduction. II. Short Term Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Strategies reducing NH₃ volatilisation from slurry include separation of slurry, special application techniques and additives. We studied the impact of manure separation and application technique on N₂O release after manure application. Untreated and separated cattle slurry (dry matter content of 7.1% and 4.4%, respectively) was applied to winter wheat using broadcast and banded application and injection. The N₂O emissions were measured at high frequency for 14 to 20 days after slurry treatment by the closed chamber method. Manured plots showed significantly higher N₂O emissions than the control plots but neither dry matter reduction of slurry nor application technique significantly influenced the N₂O emissions. The variability of N₂O emission was influenced by the application technique and increased in the order: banded application – injection – broadcast application. There was no correlation between NH₃ losses from applied slurry and N₂O emissions. Thus reducing ammonia volatilisation will not necessarily increase N₂O emissions.     

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1983/1984

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1983 and 1984 were complied and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1983/1984

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1983 und 1984 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1983–1984

, 1983 1984 . .

     

Beitrag zur Morphologie der Infloreszenzen vonSetaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Zusammenfassung Es werden verschiedene Infloreszenzformen vonSetaria italica (L.) Beauv. vergleichend morphologisch untersucht. Wie der Vergleich mit der Wildsippe,Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. zeigt, ist die Entwicklung zur Kulturart mit verschiedenen progressiven Veränderungen im reproduktiven Bereich des Verzweigungssystems verbunden. Dabei führt die zunehmende Förderung der Infloreszenzhauptachse sowie der Partialinfloreszenzen zu einer Vergrößerung und verstärkten Gliederung der Gesamtinfloreszenz. Daneben werden auch regressive Entwicklungstendenzen sichtbar, die in einer zunchmenden Reduktion des Basis- und Spitzenbereichs der Infloreszenz zum Ausdruck kommen. Die stärkste morphologische Ableitung haben Formen mit einer dichotom verzweigten Infloreszenz erfahren. Die Ausprägung der Infloreszenzmerkmale zeigt eine starke Umweltabhängigkeit.

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Contribution to the morphology of the inflorescences ofSetaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Summary The morphology of different types of inflorescences were investigated in Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. The comparison with the wild species,Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., shows that the evolution towards the cultivated species is combined with different progressive changes in the reproductive part of the ramification system. Thereby the increasing promotion of the main axis of the inflorescence as well as the partial inflorescences leads to an enlargement and increased articulation of the whole inflorescence. Besides regressive developmental tendencies are also observed, as expressed by increasing reduction of the basis and the top of inflorescence. The greatest deviation is seen in the form with dichotomous branched inflorescences. The characters of the inflorescences depend greatly on the environmental conditions.

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Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. . Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., . , . , . . .

     

REGIONAL BINDING INDEX OF THE RADIOLABELED SELECTIVE 5-HT2A ANTAGONIST 123I-5-I-R91150 IN THE NORMAL CANINE BRAIN IMAGED WITH SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

The pattern of the specific 5-HT2A (5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor) antagonist 123I-5-I-R91150 was measured in 10 healthy dogs without neurologic and behavior abnormalities. Eight cortical regions (left and right fronto-, temporo-, parieto-, and occipitocortical area), one global subcortical region (including the thalamic system) were compared with a reference region lacking receptors; that is, the cerebellum. The 123I labeled radioligand was injected intravenously 100-200 minutes before acquisition. Both transmission and emission data were obtained with a triple head gamma camera equipped with high-resolution fanbeam collimators. The emission data were corrected for scatter and attenuation. To delineate different cerebral regions more accurately, the regions of interest (ROI) defined in a former study on brain perfusion measured with 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) in the same dogs were used. The co-registration of the 99mTc-ECD and the 123I-5-I-R91150, obtained from each dog, was realized with the help of corresponding transmission maps. By normalizing each regional cerebral activity to the activity observed in the cerebellum, the regional radioactivity (binding index) could be relatively quantified. Highest brain uptake was noted in the frontocortical brain areas (right: 1.85, left: 1.89), followed by the temporocortical region (right: 1.58, left: 1.56). Least uptake was noted in the more caudal and middle brain regions [occipito- (right: 1.46, left: 1.41), parietocortical (right: 1.30, left: 1.26), and striatal region (1.19)]. No gender nor age influence was noted in this series. The 123I labeled serotonin-2A receptor ligand seems to have similar cortical binding in the normal canine brain, as shown in humans and other animal species. A frontocortical to occipitocortical (rostrocaudal) binding index gradient was identified within the dog, which has not been seen in imaging studies from humans and other animal species. The significance of these results will need further investigation. This normative data can be used to compare regional brain uptake of the 123I-radioligand to dogs with behavioral disorders related to the serotonergic system, in future studies.     

颗粒料和破碎料饲喂小虾的效果

虾料的外在物理特性变化范围很大 ,但在是否为小虾生长所必需这一问题上 ,还存在着疑问。相关的试验结果表明使用颗粒状开食料的斑节对虾 ( Penaeus monodon)幼苗的生长性能要显著好于饲喂破碎料的。饲喂 2种粒度碎粒状开食料的罗氏沼虾 ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii)间的生长性能无差异 ,因此得出结论 :幼虾阶段使用 2种粒度的破碎料是没有必要的。试验结果还表明颗粒料的长度 (长或短 )对斑节对虾的生长没有影响。目前 ,小虾的商业化养殖仍是一个新兴行业 ,相关的知识还很缺乏。因此 ,生产实践中往往按主观判断行事 ,特别是决定饲料的物…     

Differential clustering of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strains by PCR-REA of the bgl locus

In order to develop a specific tool differentiating the African field strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC from other potentially less virulent strains, including the vaccine strains, we have developed a PCR followed by a restriction enzyme analysis (PCR–REA). This approach also differentiates the African field strains from the Australian strains and the type strain PG1. The genomic marker detected by the PCR–REA is based on a single nucleotide change in the bgl gene that codes for 6-phospho-β-glucosidase (Bgl), an enzyme that is involved in sugar metabolism.