拮抗茄子黄萎病菌土壤放线菌的分离筛选和鉴定

为了研究土壤拮抗性放线菌对茄子黄萎病的生防价值,从陕西省延安市宝塔区与汉中地区土壤中分离、纯化获得154株具有纤维素降解活性的放线菌。采用平板对峙培养法进行初筛,用生长速率法对抑菌效果较好的菌株ZX-10-4进行抑菌谱的测定,并进行盆栽试验验证其对茄子黄萎病的防治效果,通过形态、培养特征及16S rDNA序列分析研究其分类地位。结果显示,有17株放线菌对茄子黄萎病菌抑菌效果较好且抑菌活性稳定,其中菌株ZX-10-4的抑菌活性最高,抑菌率达90.15%;活性菌株ZX-10-4发酵原液对茄子黄萎病的保护和治疗作用分别为70.00%和60.33%,稀释5倍液的防效也在50%以上。根据形态、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定菌株ZX-10-4为白网链霉菌Streptomyces albireticuli的近似种。     

广东省广州市活禽批发市场从业人员H7N9流感“知信行”现状调查

为了解广东省广州市活禽批发市场从业人员对H7N9流感的认知、态度和行为,也为制定针对性的健康教育措施提供依据,2017年4—5月对广州市全部6个活禽批发市场的435名从业人员进行了问卷调查。调查结果显示:318名密切接触人员和117名非密切接触人员对H7N9流感相关知识的总知晓率分别为80.59%和69.60%;在"发现对禽高致病性的H7N9流感病毒""病死禽应该进行深埋或焚烧等无害化处理""外省养殖场发生过H7N9流感疫情"方面,密切接触者的知晓率显著高于非密切接触者(P0.03);获取H7N9流感知识的途径主要有培训,以及电视、网络和海报等宣传媒介;绝大多数市场从业人员认为政府有能力防控H7N9流感,对政府采取的H7N9流感防控措施及对目前的"1110"制度感到满意,认为活禽集中屠宰可行(P0.01);从业人员在预防H7N9流感时,接触禽类后用肥皂或洗手液洗手的占比最高(83.45%),其次是戴手套(69.20%)和穿水鞋(63.91%),而戴口罩(39.77%)和用消毒液消毒手(35.86%)的占比较低。调查认为,广州市活禽批发市场从业人员的H7N9流感知识知晓率较高,但个人防护措施实施不全面。调查结果提示,应充分利用培训,以及电视和网络等优势媒介,强化微信和微博等新兴媒介,加强对H7N9流感防控知识的宣传。     

拉萨河流域非点源污染输出风险评估

有效识别流域非点源污染高风险区,对污染控制与管理以及水环境质量改善具有重要意义。该研究以拉萨河流域为研究对象,构建包括降雨、地形和施肥影响因子的输出风险模型,识别流域各级非点源污染输出风险的地域单元。结果表明:1996年和2010年,非点源污染输出风险概率分别为50.0%和46.3%;非点源污染风险处于较高以上程度的区域面积分别为12 985.8和11 628.0 km2,占全区总面积的38.9%和34.9%;与1996年相比,2010年非点源污染风险程度由低级别向高级别转换的总面积约为6 674.3 km2。拉萨河流域非点源污染发生的风险概率为中等,风险程度在局部范围内有所下降,主要表现在高风险区域面积减少、低风险区域面积增加,但是中等和较高风险区域面积有增加趋势。土地利用变化、农业生产和水土流失是非点源污染发生的主要原因,应巩固生态环境综合治理成果,提前应对可能出现的非点源污染问题,制定生态农业发展规划,营造控制非点源污染迁移的植被缓冲带。     

Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States

A number of different beverage products claim to have antioxidant potency due to their perceived high content of polyphenols. Basic and applied research indicates that pomegranate juice (PJ), produced from the Wonderful variety of Punica granatum fruits, has strong antioxidant activity and related health benefits. Although consumers are familiar with the concept of free radicals and antioxidants, they are often misled by claims of superior antioxidant activity of different beverages, which are usually based only on testing of a limited spectrum of antioxidant activities. There is no available direct comparison of PJ's antioxidant activity to those of other widely available polyphenol-rich beverage products using a comprehensive variety of antioxidant tests. The present study applied (1) four tests of antioxidant potency [Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), free radical scavenging capacity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)]; (2) a test of antioxidant functionality, that is, inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by peroxides and malondialdehyde methods; and (3) evaluation of the total polyphenol content [by gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)] of polyphenol-rich beverages in the marketplace. The beverages included several different brands as follows: apple juice (3), a?aí juice (3), black cherry juice (3), blueberry juice (3), cranberry juice (3), Concord grape juice (3), orange juice (3), red wines (3), iced tea beverages (10) [black tea (3), green tea (4), white tea (3)], and a major PJ available in the U.S. market. An overall antioxidant potency composite index was calculated by assigning each test equal weight. PJ had the greatest antioxidant potency composite index among the beverages tested and was at least 20% greater than any of the other beverages tested. Antioxidant potency, ability to inhibit LDL oxidation, and total polyphenol content were consistent in classifying the antioxidant capacity of the polyphenol-rich beverages in the following order: PJ>red wine>Concord grape juice>blueberry juice>black cherry juice, a?aí juice, cranberry juice>orange juice, iced tea beverages, apple juice. Although in vitro antioxidant potency does not prove in vivo biological activity, there is also consistent clinical evidence of antioxidant potency for the most potent beverages including both PJ and red wine.     

基于离散元的玉米种子颗粒模型种间接触参数标定

由于EDEM(离散元法)中建立的玉米种子颗粒模型与实际玉米种子在外形、表面粗糙度等方面存在差异,若直接将实际测量的物性参数引入EDEM中进行仿真,会出现仿真失真的情况。针对此问题,该文提出一种建立数学回归模型主动寻找目标参数的方法,简化标定过程,将仿真试验和真实试验相结合,对玉米种子颗粒模型的种间静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数两个关键参数进行标定,使其在EDEM中建立的玉米种子颗粒重新获得与真实颗粒相近的物理特性。利用两种接触材料(有机玻璃板与铝质圆筒)进行玉米种子堆积角仿真试验,建立两个自变量为种间静摩擦系数、种间滚动摩擦系数的二元回归方程。以实际测量种群堆积角作为已知目标量进行数值求解,求得EDEM中玉米种间静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数这两个目标参数:玉米种间静摩擦系数为0.0338,玉米种间滚动摩擦系数为0.0021。将标定的玉米种子物性参数输入EDEM中进行仿真试验,通过提取关键特征尺寸和图像边界将试验结果与实际试验结果进行对比,结果表明:关键特征尺寸数值差异在4.70%以内,标定后的玉米种子堆积角边界与实际情况更接近,提高了仿真结果的可靠性。     

河北珍稀濒危植物资源保护与利用之我见

本文对河北省分布的17种、栽培的9种珍稀濒危植物作了简要介绍,并对加强保护与合理开发利用提出了建议.认为,加强保护宣传和科普工作、加强资源调查、保护好植物种群的生态环境,积极开展引种驯化的科学研究、处理好保护与开发利用的关系、加强学术交流,是切实保护珍稀濒危植物资源,维持并逐步扩大种群数量、长期稳定地合理利用植物资源的重要途径。     

砾石对石灰土表面干缩裂隙发育特征的影响

[目的]研究砾石粒径及含量对石灰土表面干缩裂隙发育特征的影响,为探索喀斯特地区的水土流失机理提供参考依据。[方法]通过室内模拟试验和数字图像处理技术,研究了砾石粒径(2.0～5.0 mm和5.0～12.5 mm)和砾石含量(0%,10%,20%,30%,40%)条件下的石灰土表面干缩裂隙特征。[结果]①无砾石石灰土平均表面裂隙率仅为3.03%,含砾石石灰土具有更大的表面裂隙率,在大粒径(5.0～12.5 mm)高含量(40%)条件下,表面裂隙率最大,达到8.66%;②当砾石含量增加时,裂隙的形态变得细小且密集,小粒径砾石会使裂隙网络更复杂;③大粒径(5.0～12.5 mm)条件下的土壤表面裂隙率与砾石含量成正线性相关,而小粒径(2.0～5.0 mm)条件下的裂隙率与砾石含量成负线性相关;④砾石会成为裂隙发育的基点,每个砾石颗粒周围都有可能产生围绕砾石或是向外延伸的裂隙。且在砾石形态的棱角处,容易产生向外延伸的裂隙。[结论]石灰土中存在砾石会导致表面裂隙率提高,弱化土体的抗侵蚀能力,是石漠化治理不容忽视的问题。     

不同播期对冬小麦粒重形成及产量的影响

以4个冬小麦品种为材料,研究了不同播期条件下籽粒灌浆特征参数、粒重和产量的差异。结果表明:播期对千粒重的影响存在差异,洛旱6号、洛麦21号和豫麦49不同播期之间的籽粒千粒重存在显著差异,但播期对偃展4110的千粒重影响不大。在不同播期下,灌浆过程中平均灌浆速率、快增期灌浆速率对粒重的影响较大。播期对不同品种灌浆高峰出现的日期影响基本一致,早播期>晚播期>中播期.但较早播种时,洛旱6号、洛麦21号和豫麦49灌浆高峰出现较早,灌浆速率大,晚播时偃展4110灌浆高峰出现较早,灌浆速率大。播期对4个品种产量的影响均以中播最高,在河南旱区生态条件下,似偃展4110的春性品种适宜播期为10月中下旬,洛旱6号、洛麦21号等似豫麦49的半冬性品种适宜播期为10月中旬。     

果树抗寒性的遗传与育种研究进展

冻害胁迫下果树体内的水分从生长的组织流失迁移,在其周围区域形成冰核保护生长组织,不形成冰核发生冻害;ABA和Ca(2+)在植物低温胁迫的信号转导中起重要作用;DTA法测定的LTH温度与花芽的半致死温度一致;果树杂种后代的抗寒性遗传具有母性遗传特点。还总结了近年来发展起来的果树抗寒性鉴定的有效方法以及部分抗寒资源,以期为果树抗寒育种的亲本选择及不同品系抗寒力的早期鉴定提供参考依据。     

Impact of epistasis and QTL × environmental interaction on the oil filling rate of soybean seed at different developmental stages

The oil accumulation in the developing soybean seed has been shown to be a dynamic process with different rates and activities at different phases affected by both genotype and environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate additive, epistatic and quantitative trait loci (QTL) × environment interaction (QE) effects of the QTL controlling oil filling rate in soybean seed. A total of 143 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Charleston and Dongnong 594 were used in this study to obtain 2 years of field data (2004 and 2005). A total of 26 QTL with significantly unconditional and conditional additive (a) effect and/or additive × environment interaction (ae) effect at different filling stages were identified on 14 linkage groups. Among the QTL with significant a effects, 18 QTL showed positive effects and 6 QTL had negative effects on seed filling rate of oil content during seed development. A total of 29 epistatic pairwise QTL underlying seed filling rate were identified at different filling stages. About 28 pairs of the QTL showed additive × additive epistatic (aa) effects and 14 pairs of the QTL showed aa × environment interaction (aae) effects at different filling stages. QTL with aa and aae (additive × additive × environment) effects appeared to vary at different filling stages. Our results demonstrated that oil filling rate in soybean seed were under genetic, developmental and environmental control.