浅析国家自然科学基金在青年科技人才培养中的作用——以中国农业科学院植物保护研究所为例

国家自然科学基金是青年科技人才成长的重要基石。文章以中国农业科学院植物保护研究所为例，通过总结近年来该所依托科学基金培养青年科技人才的主要实践，简要展示科学基金对农业科研院所培养青年科技创新人才发挥的引领作用。     

Successful treatment of an unusually large corneal epithelial inclusion cyst using equine amniotic membrane in a dog

A 10‐year‐old intact male Yorkshire Terrier was referred for investigation of a large raised and nonpainful corneal lesion oculus dexter. Clinical examination revealed a pale, translucent corneal mass, which occupied half of the corneal surface and measured 11 mm × 11 mm × 13 mm. The mass was removed by superficial keratectomy and equine amniotic membrane (AM) was transplanted into the large corneal defect to cover the wound and provide tectonic support for the remaining cornea. The mass was histologically confirmed as a corneal epithelial inclusion cyst. There was no evidence of recurrence or complication at the surgical site 100 days postoperatively. Corneal epithelial inclusion cysts are uncommon in dogs. Although superficial keratectomy is the recommended treatment for corneal inclusion cyst, the combination of superficial keratectomy and AM transplantation had to be considered as an alternative for repair of large corneal defects. This is the first case report of the combined application of AM and superficial keratectomy to successfully treat a corneal inclusion cyst in a dog.     

橡胶树精准施肥模型的构建

施肥模型是精准施肥的核心。根据当前橡胶树施肥方法现状和橡胶树精准施肥的业务流程,通过对橡胶树精准施肥的实体关系分析,笔者以胶园土壤和叶片养分含量为基准,在橡胶树叶片营养诊断指导施肥方法的基础上,构建中国橡胶树精准施肥基本模型,实现橡胶树精准施肥宏观调控与微观指导的统一。同时,在基本模型的基础上,笔者增加了成本收益分析模块来拓展精准施肥模型。这样不仅能为橡胶树精准施肥提供更加科学合理的决策依据,而且可使精准施肥成本得到进一步优化,从而推动橡胶树精准施肥技术的发展。     

种植海拔高度和采制时期对黄山“松谷”毛峰茶功能成分含量的影响

分析不同种植海拔高度及采制时期对黄山"松谷"毛峰茶中茶多酚、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多糖和硒含量的影响;采用相关国家标准对黄山"松谷"毛峰茶中相应功能成分进行含量测定;从种植海拔高度看,茶样中茶多酚、游离氨基酸含量、酚氨比值及硒含量随种植海拔高度的增加而增加,对于咖啡碱,高海拔茶样中的含量显著高于平地地区茶样,而不同海拔高度的茶样中茶多糖含量差异不显著;从采制时期看,茶样中茶多酚含量为5月最高,4月次之,6月最低;游离氨基酸含量4月最高,5月次之,6月最低;茶样酚氨比值6月最高,5月次之,4月最低;咖啡碱含量4月和5月基本相同,均高于6月;氨碱比值4月最高,5月次之,6月最低;茶多糖含量6月最高,5月次之,4月最低;硒含量4月最高,5月和6月基本一致。此研究结果表明种植海拔高度及采制时期对黄山毛峰茶中茶多酚、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多糖和硒含量有交互性影响。     

红河州低海拔地带营造马尾松混交林的研究

９９３年于红河州偏北部海拔１０００～１５００ｍ造林困难的贫瘠干热地带进行混交造林试验。试验分马尾松与白头银合欢、圣诞树及山毛豆的株间、行间和带状混交９种处理。经５年的观察分析，结果表明：混交造林各处理的林木保存率达８５％以上；林分长势好；土壤肥力显著提高，每ｈｍ２林地的有效氮含量提高到６７５～２２９５ｋｇ；林分生物多样性能逐渐增强；森林植被相对稳定；生态效益显著。其中以马尾松与白头银合欢混交造林效果较好，可实行株间、行间、带状混交造林。     

Cloning of the acetylcholinesterase 1 gene and identification of point mutations putatively associated with carbofuran resistance in Nilaparvata lugens

Molecular mechanisms of carbofuran resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, were investigated. A carbofuran-resistant strain (CAS) showed approximately 45.5- and 15.1-fold resistance compared with a susceptible strain (SUS) and a non-selected field strain (FM), respectively. Activities of the esterase and mixed-function oxidase were approximately 2.8- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, in the CAS strain than in the SUS strain, suggesting that these enzymes play a minor role in carbofuran resistance. Interestingly, the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to carbofuran was approximately 5.5- and 3.7-fold higher in the CAS strain compared to the SUS and FM strains, respectively, indicating that AChE insensitivity is associated with carbofuran resistance. Western blot analysis identified two kinds of AChEs, of which the type-1 AChE (encoded from Nlace1, which is paralogous to the Drosophila AChE gene) was determined to be the major catalytic AChE in N. lugens. The open reading frame of Nlace1 is composed of 1989 bp (approximately 74 kD) and revealed 52.5% and 24.3% amino acid sequence identities to those of Nephotettix cincticeps and Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. Screening of point mutations identified four amino acid substitutions (G119A, F/Y330S, F331H and H332L) in the CAS strain that likely contribute to AChE insensitivity. The frequencies of these mutations were well correlated with resistance levels, confirming that they are associated with reduced sensitivity to carbofuran in N. lugens. These point mutations can be useful as genetic markers for monitoring resistance levels in field populations of N. lugens.     

Transient postoperative glycosuria after isoflurane exposure in two dogs

The present report describes two surgical cases involving the development of sudden glycosuria after isoflurane anaesthesia, despite the dogs having normal blood glucose levels and renal glucose reabsorption. The glycosuria manifested 1 day after surgery and resolved spontaneously within 2 days in both cases. Considering that the surgeries (subcutaneous mandibular mass removal and fracture repair) were unrelated to the kidneys, and there were no remarkable events during anaesthesia, the glycosuria may have been associated with the isoflurane anaesthesia. There have been several previous reports of glycosuria in human patients following transient proximal tubule dysfunction due to volatile anaesthetics. This case report suggests the possibility of transient renal dysfunction following isoflurane anaesthesia in these two clinically healthy dogs. However, considering the observational nature of this report, it can not be excluded that any other procedure performed in these animals was responsible of the observed glycosuria.     

Pathogenic and immunogenic responses in turkeys following in ovo exposure to avian metapneumovirus subtype C

Commercial turkey eggs, free of antibodies to avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C), were inoculated with aMPV/C at embryonation day (ED) 24. There was no detectable effect of virus inoculation on the hatchability of eggs. At 4 days post inoculation (DPI) (the day of hatch (ED 28)) and 9 DPI (5 days after hatch), virus replication was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the turbinate, trachea and lung but not in the thymus or spleen. Mild histological lesions characterized by lymphoid cell infiltration were evident in the turbinate mucosa. Virus exposure inhibited the mitogenic response of splenocytes and thymocytes and upregulated gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the turbinate tissue. Turkeys hatching from virus-exposed eggs had aMPV/C-specific IgG in the serum and the lachrymal fluid. At 3 week of age, in ovo immunized turkeys were protected against a challenge with pathogenic aMPV/C.