Variations in muscle fiber composition between successfully and unsuccessfully raced quarter horses

Muscle biopsy samples were removed from the m gluteus medius of 47 retired running Quarter Horse (QH) mares. Horses were separated based on bloodline, past racing history and percentage Thoroughbred (TB). The bred to run and raced (BRRA) and bred to run and not raced (BRNR) groups possessed a lower percentage (P<.01) of fast-twitch low oxidative (FT) fibers (BRRA 38.6 and BRNR 36.2±2.54 respectively). These horses also possessed a higher percentage (P<.01) of fast-twitch high oxidative (FTH) fibers (BRRA 52.5 and BRNR 48.5±2.54, respectively) than not bred to run and not raced (NBNR) horses. Horses that were bred to run had higher (P<.05) FTH to FT fiber ratios (1.44) than horses that were not bred to run (.94). Successful racehorses possessed a lower percentage (P<.05) of slow-twitch (ST) fibers and a higher percentage (P<.05) of FT fibers than unsuccessful racehorses. Success or failure was determined by Speed Index. No differences (P>.05) were found in the percentage FTH fibers between successful and unsuccessful horses.     

Cattle breed comparison and crossbreeding trials in Europe; A survey prepared by a working party of the European association for animal production

A Working Party of the European Association for Animal Production surveyed the breed comparison and crossbreeding trials which were being carried out in Europe. The survey summarizes the experimental work in the different countries and gives details on 86 separate projects concerned with breed and strain evaluation in pure and crossbreeding situations. The paper gives a general summary of the survey and recommendations on the methodology for future experiments. More detailed abstracts of the individual trials included in the survey are obtainable on request.     

Radiographic characterization of diaphragmatic excursion in halothane anesthetized ponies: Effect of mode of ventilation and muscle paralysis

A radiographic technique was used to identify and characterize segmental diaphragmatic movement in anesthetized ponies breathing spontaneously and with controlled ventilation with and without muscle relaxant-induced paralysis. Paralyzed mechanically ventilated ponies were also studied at varying peak inspiratory pressures. Controlled ventilation induced a change in pattern of diaphragmatic displacement which was accentuated by paralysis and increased inspiratory pressure. In conclusion, these results indicate that uneven distribution of inspired gases is not corrected by mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, increased tidal volume during mechanical ventilation is largely wasted because this increased volume is distributed principally to the poorly perfused nondependent lung. Thus, while mechanical ventilation can alleviate hypoventilation, i.e., will decrease P_aCO₂, it will be of limited value in relieving arterial hypoxemia due to venous admixture in anesthetized patients.     

Biological Variability and Measurement Error Variability in Ocular Biometry in Samoyed Dogs

A-scan ultrasonography was performed in 40 healthy Samoyeds aged 2–5 years. Mydriasis and cycloplegia were induced in all dogs and 25 of the dogs were also sedated prior to the ultrasound examination. Five consecutive A-scans were taken on each eye and the intrasubject variance (measurement error) and true intersubject variance (true biological variation) were computed. The true biological variation was found to be of the same magnitude in both sedated and unsedated dogs, whereas the measurement errors were considerably larger in the group of unsedated dogs compared to the sedated ones. Magnitudes of the measurement errors for the anterior chamber depth and length of the vitreous body in the unsedated group were unacceptable. The sizes of the measurement errors in the sedated dogs were all within an acceptable range.     

A comparison of the clinical field efficacy and safety of florfenicol and tilmicosin for the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease of cattle in western Canada.

We compared the field efficacy of a new antibiotic, florfenicol, with tilmicosin in the treatment of naturally occurring undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease. Beef calves with rectal temperatures greater than 40.5 degrees C and signs compatible with undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease were entered into the trial. Calves were randomly assigned to receive either florfenicol (20 mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly; 2 injections 48 h apart) or tilmicosin (10 mg/kg bodyweight subcutaneously; 1 injection). Clinical measures of efficacy included mortality, rectal temperature, illness index score, assessment of treatment success or failure, and the number of relapses or reinfections. Performance was assessed based on weight gains from day 0 to day 90. Two hundred and twenty calves entered the trial; 112 received florfenicol and 108 received tilmicosin. Seventeen deaths occurred between day 0 and day 90, but only 10 during the 28-day trial period. Seven calves receiving tilmicosin died, compared with 3 receiving florfenicol (P = 0.20). Of the 220 initial treatments, 45 (20%) were categorized as treatment failures; 27 in the tilmicosin group and 18 in the florfenicol group (P = 0.10). The number of calves experiencing a 2nd relapse was significantly different, with 17 of 30 (57%) calves on tilmicosin compared with 7 of 26 (27%) calves on florfenicol relapsing at least twice (P = 0.02). Average daily gains over 90 days were 1.55 kg/day for florfenicol-treated calves and 1.51 kg/day for tilmicosin-treated calves. No significant adverse reactions were noticed with either drug. Results indicate that florfenicol and tilmicosin are comparable in the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in western Canada.     

Results of grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy and debridement for the management of persistent corneal erosions in 92 dogs

Ninety-two cases of persistent corneal erosions in dogs were analyzed for breed, gender, age and which eye was affected. The results of the treatment of 92 persistent corneal erosions in dogs by superficial keratectomy (SK), grid keratotomy (GK), or debridement with a sterile dry cotton swab are presented. These techniques gave better rates of healing than have been previously reported. All cases of persistent corneal erosions healed in this study. However, it must be noted that three cases treated with debridement only failed to heal after several treatments and were eventually treated with SK. After one procedure 80 out of 92 (87%) had healed. After one procedure, 63% of cases treated with debridement healed, 100% of cases treated with SK healed, and 85% of cases treated with GK healed. At the first postoperative visit, 88% (21/24 cases) of ulcers treated by SK had healed, and 75% (39/52 cases) of ulcers treated by GK had healed. Only 25% of the persistent corneal erosions had healed at the first visit after debridement. All 24 cases of persistent corneal erosions treated with SK healed after one treatment in a mean +/- SD of 9.3 +/- 3.9 days (median of 7 days). Fifty-two cases were managed with GK; 44 (83%) of these healed with one procedure and eight cases required a second GK procedure to resolve. A mean +/- SD of 13.4 +/- 5.1 days (median of 11.5 days) following GK was required for the persistent corneal erosions to heal. Nineteen cases were initially managed by debridement with a dry cotton swab under local anesthesia. Sixteen out of these 19 debridement cases healed (giving an overall healing rate of 84%) in a mean +/- SD time of 23.4 +/- 11.1 days (median 21.5). There were three cases that did not heal with debridement. These cases were debrided at 10-20 day intervals for 30-60 days, and were then treated with SK. Two of these cases healed within 7 days, the other case required 18 days to heal. Sixty-three per cent of persistent corneal erosions treated with debridement healed after one procedure; however, only four out of 19 cases (21%) were healed at the first revisit. Complications were rare: corneal edema occurred in two cases following multiple GK, and excessive granulation tissue in one case was managed with a SK. There was the occurrence of an ulcer adjacent to the surgery site in four cases, two cases following GK and two cases following SK.     

Analysis of complex cytogenetic alterations in three canine mammary sarcomas.

Cells of mammary sarcomas in three dogs were analysed cytogenetically. In an osteoidsarcoma, hyperdiploidy with a range of 92 to 98 chromosomes, and several structural aberrations (for example, a derivative chromosome 1, isochromosome 13 and several bi-armed markers) were observed. Isochromosome 13 was also present in a case of an osteoidchondrosarcoma. In a case of chondro-osteosarcoma both hypodiploidy with a chromosome range of 60 to 66 and hyperdiploidy with a range of 115 to 128 and several centric fusions were observed.