Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan

Resistance to three organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides was monitored from 1992 to 2000 in field populations of adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, from Pakistan using a leaf-dip method. There was generally a very high resistance to dimethoate and deltamethrin, and a moderate resistance to monocrotophos during 1992 to 1996. From 1997 to 2000, resistance to these insecticides dropped to low levels because of less reliance on them for whitefly control, and introduction of new chemistries with novel modes of action that had no cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Concurrently, whitefly resistance to acephate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin mostly remained low. An insecticide resistance management strategy is recommended that particularly emphasizes the rotation of still-effective insecticides from different chemical classes along with the use of novel chemicals and other tactics of integrated pest management.     

Characterization of the structure-activity relationship of kdr and two variants of super-kdr to pyrethroids in the housefly (Musca domestica L.)

Structure-activity relationships (SARs) for 10 pyrethroids against susceptible, kdr and super-kdr strains of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) were investigated by Principal Components Analysis. In the three strains with kdr_Latina' all only slightly to moderately (2.6 to 26-fold) resistant to pyrethroids, no correlation between the structure and Levels of resistance could be discerned. In flies with super-kdr, SARs were influenced by the nature of the alcoholic portion of the ester. Resistance was strongest to esters of a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (74 to 430-fold) and to permethrin (48 to 55-fold). It was weak (6.2 to 11-fold) to cyclopentenone derivatives, being barely stronger than for flies with kdr (2-6 to 6.3-fold). Two variants of super-kdr (3D and A2) were distinguished on the basis of their differential response to esters of 5-benzyl-3-furylmethanol. It is presumed that kdr_Latina, super-kdr_A2 and super-kdr_3D form an allelic series in which kdr_Latina represents ground level insensitivity, and the two super-kdrs the progressive extension of strong resistance to more types of ester. The strong differences in resistance to different pyrethroid esters by super-kdr flies provides scope for improving management of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and for modifying the SAR of pyrethroids to favour weak resistance.     

甘蓝型油菜种子和角果皮中硫苷含量的动态变化及转录组关联分析

【目的】探索甘蓝型油菜不同发育时期种子和角果皮硫苷含量的动态变化规律,通过转录组关联分析解析控制硫苷含量变异的遗传机制。【方法】在由113个油菜品种构成的自然群体中,利用高效液相色谱法检测不同发育时期油菜种子及角果皮中的硫苷含量。提取油菜幼嫩叶片mRNA并进行mRNA-Seq测序,开发了355 536个单核苷酸多态性标记（SNP）和116 098个基因表达量标记（GEM）。将开发的SNPs和GEMs分别导入到混合线性模型（MLM）和回归分析模型中进行关联分析,获得与油菜硫苷表型变异显著相关的遗传位点,进一步通过序列比对和功能预测筛选确定候选基因。【结果】授粉后15 d（15 DAP）,油菜种子和角果皮的硫苷含量变异范围分别是1.69-20.45和1.47-25.23 μmol·g^-1。25 DAP种子、25 DAP角果皮以及成熟种子的硫苷变异范围分别是2.17-147.21、0.73-130.77和8.87-111.83 μmol·g^-1。后两个时期（即25 DAP和成熟期）的硫苷含量表现出较大变异,适合进行转录组关联分析。基于mRNA-Seq测序数据,经质量控制后获得256 397个高质量的SNP标记（MAF＞0.01）和53 889个GEM标记（平均基因表达量＞0.4）。利用SNP标记对成熟种子、25 DAP种子和25 DAP角果皮硫苷含量进行关联分析,分别检测到167、158和3个显著关联位点（-log₁₀P＞6.71）。其中,与成熟种子显著关联的SNP标记形成5个明显的关联峰,分别位于A2、A9、C2、C7和C9染色体上。同时,利用GEM标记进行的关联分析中,分别检测到127、16和24个与成熟种子、25 DAP种子、25 DAP角果皮硫苷含量显著关联的位点（-log₁₀P＞6.03）,这些位点主要分布在A2、A8、A9、C2和C9染色体上并形成明显的关联峰。其中,成熟种子和25 DAP角果皮在A9、C2和C9染色体上形成共同的关联峰。通过与公共数据库的基因组序列比对和功能注释,共筛选到295个功能基因,其中25个基因涉及硫苷代谢网路途径,直接参与硫苷的调控。其余基因虽然没有直接参与硫苷代谢过程,但是它们大多属于转录因子基因、刺激响应因子基因,涉及细胞过程或是具有催化活性,因而推测在硫苷积累中同样起到重要作用。【结论】油菜角果皮中的硫苷含量较高,而且与种子硫苷含量显著正相关,是硫苷合成或转运的重要器官。共检测到328个SNP显著标记和144个GEM显著标记,筛选到25个与硫苷合成或者转运有关的功能基因以及73个功能未知的新基因。     

Effects of piperonyl butoxide on Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): mortality, development, parasitism and predation in Israeli cotton fields

In field trials in Israel, piperonyl butoxide (PB) alone, at concentrations of 2000 and 5000 ppm exerted good control over nymphal Bemisia tabaci populations on cotton. Weekly doses of these concentrations exerted greater control than a recommended oil and were as effective as the standard single application of buprofezin. Cypermethrin caused marked resurgence within the plots, probably as a consequence of its detrimental effects on natural enemies. Neither PB, buprofezin nor the oil reduced the incidence of natural enemies. Treatment with 2000 or 5000 ppm PB resulted in a shift in age structure toward a greater proportion of young instars than in other treatments. There was some evidence that these effects facilitated a greater level of parasitism in PB-treated plots.     

Cross‐resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: Although cross‐resistance between compounds in the same insecticide group is a frequently observed phenomenon, cross‐resistance between groups that differ in structural and functional characteristics can be extremely unpredictable. In the case of controlling the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, neonicotinoids and the pyridine azomethine antifeedant pymetrozine represent independent lines of discovery that should be suited for alternation to avoid prolonged selection for the same resistance mechanism. Reports of an association between responses to neonicotinoids and pymetrozine were investigated by resistance profiling of seven B. tabaci strains and complementary reciprocal selection experiments. RESULTS: All strains demonstrated a consistent correlation between responses to three neonicotinoid compounds: thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid. Responses to neonicotinoids for six field strains clearly correlated with responses to pymetrozine. Reciprocal selection experiments confirmed an unexpected case of intergroup cross‐resistance. A seventh strain exhibited a so far unique phenotype of strong resistance to pymetrozine but full susceptibility to neonicotinoids. Selection experiments confirmed that in this strain the mechanism of pymetrozine resistance is specific and has no implications for neonicotinoids. CONCLUSION: Cross‐resistance between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in B. tabaci probably reflects the overexpression of a cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenase capable of metabolising both types of compound in spite of their apparent structural dissimilarity. Given the predominance of this mechanism in B. tabaci, both can contribute to resistance management but should be placed within the same treatment ‘window’. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of insecticide application sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera:Aphididae), on field crops of potato

Experiments were done on commercial potato crops in the UK to investigate the effect of different insecticide sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The work was done to provide field validation of similar laboratory studies done in 'field simulators'. To ensure adequate aphid populations and to influence the initial resistance status of the aphid population, cultured M. persicae from a clone of known resistance status (esterase R1, kdr heterozygote, non-MACE (modified acetylcholinesterase)) were inoculated into both experiments. Two-spray programmes starting with lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) gave poor control in comparison with programmes starting with pirimicarb (a carbamate insecticide) or pirimicarb-containing mixtures. This concurred closely with the results obtained from single applications in field simulator studies. Treatment sequences containing pymetrozine (a pyridine azomethine insecticide) were also effective, though slower-acting. This again concurs with field simulator studies. The proportions of aphids carrying different resistance mechanisms were largely unaffected by treatment in these experiments. The implications of these results for field control strategies are discussed.     

Use of biochemical and DNA diagnostics for characterising multiple mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

The peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) can resist a range of insecticides by over-producing detoxifying esterase and having mutant-insensitive forms of the target proteins, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the sodium channel. Using a combination of bioassays, biochemical and DNA diagnostics, it is now possible to diagnose all three mechanisms in individual aphids, and thereby establish their spatial distributions and temporal dynamics. A survey of 58 samples of wide geographic origin showed that all 46 resistant clones had amplified esterase genes (E4 or FE4) conferring broad-spectrum resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates. These occurred in combination with insensitive AChE (11 clones), conferring resistance to pirimicarb and triazamate, and/or mutant sodium channel genes (25 clones), conferring knockdown (kdr) resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. Amplified esterase genes were in linkage disequilibrium with both insensitive AChE and the kdr mutation, reflecting tight physical linkage, heavy selection favouring aphids with multiple mechanisms, and/or the prominence of parthenogenesis in many M. persicae populations. An ability to monitor individual mechanisms with contrasting cross-resistance profiles has important implications for the development of resistance management recommendations. ©1997 SCI     

鸡球虫病弱毒疫苗的免疫机理及研究进展

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳属球虫引起的一种危害性极其严重的寄生原虫病,呈世界性分布,是最主要的鸡病之一。目前主要用抗球虫药物对其进行防制,但随着耐药虫株的产生和药物残留对肉禽品质及人体健康的影响等问题的出现,对鸡球虫活疫苗的研究成为研究热点。作者对鸡球虫弱毒疫苗的免疫机理及其鸡胚传代致弱方法、理化致弱方法和早熟选育致弱法的研究进展作一概述,并对鸡球虫弱毒疫苗的应用前景进行了展望。     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS WITH A CHRONIC SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

A subdural hematoma was found to accompany neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in an 11‐month‐old Dachshund. Results from clinical, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, histopathologic, ultrastructural, and molecular assessments are described. The dog had a 3‐month history of progressive neurologic signs. In MR images, there was severe asymmetric cerebral atrophy with a subdural hematoma. Histopathologically, there was autofluorescent, periodic acid–Schiff‐positive lipopigment in neurons and transmission electron microscopy confirmed a typical curvilinear profile of the storage bodies. We hypothesize that rapid brain atrophy contributed to the subdural hematoma formation, a complication not described previously in dogs with neuronal lipofuscinosis.