黄土丘陵区几种林木茎干径向生长的日变化及其对环境因素的响应

利用树木径向生长仪研究了黄土丘陵区6年生油松（Pinus tabulaef ormis）、山杨（Populus davidiana）和辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）及林下灌木胡颓子（Elaegnus umbellata）4种林木整个生长季茎干的径向变化,发现4种林木的径向变化表现为膨胀收缩旋回增长的模式。在整个生长季中,山杨从5月到10月径向持续增长,增长时间最长;而油松和胡颓子的径向生长主要发生在7月份,从8月份开始其增长速率变缓;辽东栎在整个生长季节的径向生长最小。在整个生长季内,山杨径向增长了2.63 mm,胡颓子为0.64 mm,油松和辽东栎则分别为0.40 mm和0.26 mm。辽东栎日收缩量与膨胀量明显大于其他树种。通过对影响林木径向生长的15种环境因子进行主成分分析后,将主要环境因子归结为温度影响因子、湿度影响因子和降水影响因子3个主成分,并提取了影响该区几种林木生长的主要环境因子：日大于0℃的积温、最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量。采用线性逐步回归方法,建立了日膨胀量与日收缩量与3个主要环境因子之间的关系。发现日收缩量与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量均呈负相关关系;而日膨胀量亦与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与其他环境因子的关系随着树种的不同而不同,表现出较大的变异性。     

Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE), a widely used herbicide, was studied in aqueous buffer solutions at pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. The degradation kinetics, strongly dependent on pH values, followed first-order kinetics. FE was relatively stable in neutral media, whereas it degraded rapidly with decreasing or increasing pH. In acidic conditions (pH = 4, 5), the benzoxazolyl-oxy-phenyl ether linkage of FE was cleaved to form ethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB). While in basic conditions (pH = 8, 9, 10), herbicidal activity fenoxaprop-p (FA) was formed via breakdown of the ester bond of the herbicide. Both the two pathways were concurrent in neutral conditions (pH = 6, 7). Toxicity studies on Daphnia magna showed that FE was most toxic to D. magna with 48 h EC(50) of 14.3 micromol/L, followed by FA (43.8 micromol/L), CDHB (49.8 micromol/L), and EHPP (333.1 micromol/L). Mode of toxic action analysis indicated that EHPP exhibited toxicity via polar narcosis, whereas CDHB belonged to reactive acing compound. The mixture toxicity of CDHB and EHPP was nonadditive and can be predicted by a response addition model. Therefore, the evaluation of overall FE toxicity to D. magna in the aquatic systems needs to consider the degradation of FE.     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

水资源可持续发展中政府管制的作用分析

水资源可持续发展主要指在一定的生态环境区域内,满足生态基流量需求,保证包括人类在内的生命所依赖的水资源水量和水质服务的持续性。以陕北黄土高原为例,通过博弈特征的分析,以及静态和演化博弈说明了政府管制的必要性。进一步阐明政府管制的具体作用:确保水资源可持续发展的基流量、分配初始水权、集中配置和公平的作用等等。最后指出了政府管制的风险和应对措施。     

红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

杂交水稻氮、钾肥施用技术研究

在杂交水稻高产栽培中,根据杂交水稻需肥规律,合理分配和运筹肥料是关键技术。连续2年田间试验结果表明,在杂交水稻前期基蘖肥、中期长粗肥、后期穗肥施氮比例为8∶2∶0和施钾比例为10∶0∶0的习惯比例上,减少总氮量的12%,使前、中、后期用氮比例为8∶0∶2,用钾比例为3∶7∶0,有利于塑造一个稳发缓降的群体,提高水稻的群体质量,培育壮秆大穗而获高产,较习惯比例施肥增产13 4%。     

烤烟根际微生物群落结构及其动态变化的研究

选择贵州省三种典型的植烟土壤———中性紫色土、黄壤和黄色石灰土为对象,研究了烤烟根际微生物群落结构及其动态变化。结果表明,在烤烟生长过程中,根际细菌的数量在团棵期最低,然后逐渐增加,现蕾期达到峰值,进而又逐渐减少;放线菌和真菌数量从团棵期到成熟期呈增长趋势。土壤类型不同,根际细菌和放线菌的数量不一样,黄壤>黄色石灰土>中性紫色土;真菌数量,中性紫色土>黄壤>黄色石灰土。烤烟根际微生物的种群多样性及其变化在不同土壤中表现也不一样,相对于黄壤和黄色石灰土,在中性紫色土中,根际微生物的优势种群数目较多,根际细菌和放线菌种群更具多样性,而且较稳定,表明其群落结构更为合理,这可能与中性紫色土上的烟草青枯病发生率较低有一定关系。     

水资源系统生态风险的分析与评价——以香日德绿洲地区为例

 水资源系统的风险分析与评价,是水资源可持续利用的关键问题,而对内陆河流域绿洲地区的水资源系统所面临的各种风险进行评价分析,成为研究的热点。以青海省香日德绿洲地区水资源系统为研究对象,建立该地区由水资源径流量的不确定性所造成的风险评价的2个模型,定量分析水资源的不确定性以及这种不确定性对绿洲主要用水行业(农业,防护林网)的风险影响。实例的计算结果表明:香日德绿洲地区的水资源径流量的不确定性造成的风险指标为0.362;对防护林网不完整造成的风险是0.289,而受水资源及防护林共同影响的农业结构存在的风险为0.294,水资源系统的整体生态风险为0.2925。     

花岗岩矿山迹地生态复绿技术及效果

南安市是闽南花岗岩重点产区之一。由于开采面积大，范围广，造成了严重的新的水土流失，危害极大。本文主要针对矿山采石迹地治理难度大的特点，采用植物与工程措施相结合、生态复绿技术进行治理绿化，恢复自然生态，取得了良好的效果，为我市矿山迹地生态复绿提供了科学依据。     

某高速公路边坡成因机制分析与稳定性评价

在山区修筑高等级公路不可避免地进行深挖高填,会形成大量的高陡路基边坡或者路堤边坡。由于岩土体原有的地质环境平衡被打破,客观上为这些边坡的坍塌、滑动等地质灾害创造了地质条件。工程实践表明,在我国已修建的山区高等级公路中,几乎是“无路不坍、无路不垮”,特别是在雨季,公路的坍方、滑坡更为普遍。所以如何正确认识山区公路边坡的地质条件、结构特点、形成机制和正确评价边坡的稳定性,已成为我国山区高等级公路建设中的重大地质工程问题。以某高速公路的边坡为例,详细阐述了采用“地质与工程”充分结合方法,评价该边坡施工全过程的稳定性状况,并以此为基础,提出了有效的治理措施。监测结果表明,治理工程实施后,边坡的稳定性达到了高等级公路的设计要求。