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991.
Tsutomu Suzuki Kyoko Suzuki Yukio Takahashi Mitsuhiro Okimoto Tetsuo Yamada Noriyasu Okazaki Yuichi Shimizu Masashi Fujiwara 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(1):54-60
Japanese larch wood loaded with nickel (1%–4%) alone or with nickel and calcium (0.25%–1.5%) was carbonized at 800°–900°C
for 0–120min with a heating rate of 5°–20°C min−1 in a helium flow of 5.8−46.4 ml STP cm−2 min−1 to examine the influence of these variables on the crystallization of carbon (the formation of T component) and the development
of mesoporosity. From the obtained results, reaction conditions suitable for effective production of carbon with the dual
functions of adequate electroconductivity and adsorption capacity in liquid phase were established, thereby explaining the
factors that govern the process. It was also confirmed that mesopore having a diameter of about 4 nm was selectively produced
at the cost of specific (BET) surface area in parallel with the formation of T component. This result provided good insight
into how the simultaneous dual function could be realized. 相似文献
992.
Tatsuhiko Yamada Masako Aratani Satoshi Kubo Hirokuni Ono 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(6):487-493
Degradation and decomposition of cellulose were studied in an acid-catalyzed solvolysis treatment of biomass using polyethylene
glycol (PEG) and ethylene carbonate (EC). The solvolysis reaction was followed by a typical reaction system of wood liquefaction
that uses sulfuric acid catalyst at 140° or 150°C at atmospheric pressure. The methods of fractionation and chemical analysis
of the degraded cellulose in the solvolyzed product are discussed. The solvolyzed product was separated into several fractions,
and they were hydrolyzed to release glucose and levulinic acid to determine the quantity of glucosides and levulinates in
the solvolysis product. The data clearly showed that the solvolysis reaction had the same mechanism when using PEG or EC.
Degradation of cellulose leads to the formation of glucosides, which then decompose, resulting in a levulinic acid structure,
and producing a water-insoluble fraction. The conversion rates of both glucosides and levulinates strongly depend on the reaction
conditions of the solvolysis. In particular, EC promotes faster conversion of the reactions. The method discussed here is
a chemical analytical technique for characterization of the products of wood liquefaction. 相似文献
993.
In order to investigate the effects of chemical components and matrix structure on the destabilization of quenched wood, we
examined the physical and mechanical properties of steam-treated wood, hemicellulose-extracted wood, and delignified wood,
which were treated at different levels. For steam-treated and hemicellulose-extracted wood,the relative relaxation modulus
of the quenched sample was lower than that of the respective control sample. For delignified wood, the relative relaxation
modulus fell with weight loss and reached a minimum value at a certain weight loss, and subsequently increased significantly.
The hygroscopicity of all treated samples changed slightly by steaming, whereas increased with removing the component. More-over,
the average volumetric swelling per 1% MC at 100% relative humidity (RH) was less than at 75% RH and 93% RH for component-removed
wood. It was clear that a void structure existed. As a result, the destabilization evaluated by the fluidity (1 - E
t/E
0) of steam-treated wood was influenced by the amount of adsorbed water. For component-removed wood, destabilization increased
temporarily at lower weight loss because of nonuniform cohesive structure. At high weight loss, destabilization will decreased
because capillary-condensed water gathered in the voids and obstructed the motion of adsorbed water. However, the destabilization
of all treated wood changed less than that of chemically modified wood. 相似文献
994.
Tsuyoshi Kajisa Takuhiko Murakami Nobuya Mizoue Shigejiro Yoshida 《Journal of Forest Research》2007,12(6):435-441
Our objective was to investigate the differences in the spectral trajectory of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper with stand volume
development between Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) in the experimental forest of Kyushu University, Hokkaido, Japan. We used nonlinear regression and a categorical variable
to investigate the relationship between spectral reflectance factor and stand volume for each forest type. This research showed
that the reflectance factor of Japanese larch and Japanese oak reached saturation and that both forest types had different
spectral trajectories with stand development. In addition, we found that middle of development stage (stand volume was between
100 and 200 m3/ha) of each forest type had similarity in reflectance factor. 相似文献
995.
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the hot water extract prepared from Pinus radiata bark were isolated by a Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. The PAs were characterized using UV/Visible, FT-IR and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF)
mass spectrometry (MS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Bate-Smith acidic alcoholysis and FT-IR spectrum
of the PAs indicated the predominant presence of the procyanidin (PC) structure. The 13C NMR spectrum revealed that the PAs comprise PC (94%) together with a small amount of prodelphinidin (PD, 6%), and also that
they contain the higher trans configuration rather than the cis configuration of C2–C3. The MALDI-TOF MS results obviously proved the presence of PD units, but the maximum degree of polymerization
(DP) was limited to octamer. The average molar mass (Mw, Mn), polydispersity (Mw/Mn), and DP of the pine bark PAs were 3,800
(Mw), 1,200 (Mn), 3.2, and 13, respectively. 相似文献
996.
Movement of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 from wood cell lumens into adjacent cell walls was studied for different cell wall
moisture contents (MCs) and PEG solvents; relative amounts of PEG that penetrated into the cell walls were estimated by Raman
microscopy. It was shown that samples treated with PEG from chloroform solution adsorb less PEG than samples treated with
PEG-water solution even in the case of samples with open cell wall structure near fibre saturation point MC. Reconditioning
of PEG-chloroform treated samples at high relative humidities enhanced PEG bulking of cell walls, but not to the maximum amounts
observed with PEG-water treatments. Raman microscopy was a useful tool for estimating relative PEG amounts in the cell walls. 相似文献
997.
Twigs of 2–3-year-old Platanus occidentalis L. were used as experimental material to find the causes for the contamination and browning in the initial stages of tissue cultures. To compare the degree of browning of explants picked off from different growing seasons, the experimental material was excised from trees on each of the first ten days in January, March, May and July, 2006. The results indicated that the contamination and browning rates of the material cut off in January (14.2% and 30.6%, respectively) and March were somewhat lower than those in July. The pretreatment of soaking the explants in different anti-oxidants and absorbents at the same time could diminish some side effects. The pretreatment of using 10 g·L–1 vitamin C reduced the contamination and brown-ing rate effectively. An orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal factor and level arrangement is 0.5 mg·L–1 BA, 2.0 g·L–1 ac-tive carbon and 1.5 g·L–1 PVP which resulted in a browning rate of only 16.5%. In general, sampling period, physical properties and pretreatment of explants are the main factors responsible for the contamination and browning of material in the initial stages of P. occidentalis tissue cultures. 相似文献
998.
Policies Affecting Forestry Entrepreneurship 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anssi Niskanen Anders Lunnan Ikuo Ota Keith Blatner John Herbohn Lyndall Bull Ian Ferguson Gordon M. Hickey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(3):233-255
Many demand and supply-side policies impede or foster forestry entrepreneurship. A study was conducted to consolidate existing knowledge on policies influencing forestry entrepreneurship
in Finland, Norway, Japan, Australia, the Philippines and the USA, and to draw conclusions on these impeding and fostering
factors. From the country studies it was difficult to find common structures on policies affecting forestry entrepreneurship.
This is understandable because most policies in forestry are aimed at supporting sustainable forest management, wood production
and ecological services of the forests rather than entrepreneurship as such. Despite the high variety of policies applied
in the study countries, it can be concluded that strict public control on forests’ use and management potentially impedes
forestry entrepreneurship. While these policies assist to correct market failure and to promote sustainability of forest management,
they may also result into unnecessary and ineffective regulations that limit the opportunities for forestry entrepreneurship.
A common feature promoting the demand for forestry entrepreneurship in some of the countries studied is the strong emphasis
on forestry cooperatives, which were important institutions to support small-scale forestry entrepreneurship. In many study
countries, different ad hoc programs are implemented to find new economic and entrepreneurial opportunities aside from the
current use of wood and forests. Subsidies and tax incentives are commonly applied to reduce risks from making forestry investments
or otherwise increase the economic return from timber production. 相似文献
999.
Guillermo Trincado Curtis L. VanderSchaaf Harold E. Burkhart 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(2):253-262
A height–diameter mixed-effects model was developed for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the southeastern US. Data were obtained from a region-wide thinning study established by the Loblolly
Pine Growth and Yield Research Cooperative at Virginia Tech. The height–diameter model was based on an allometric function,
which was linearized to include both fixed- and random-effects parameters. A test of regional-specific fixed-effects parameters
indicated that separate equations were needed to estimate total tree heights in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic
regions. The effect of sample size on the ability to estimate random-effects parameters in a new plot was analyzed. For both
regions, an increase in the number of sample trees decreased the bias when the equation was applied to independent data. This
investigation showed that the use of a calibrated response using one sample tree per plot makes the inclusion of additional
predictor variables (e.g., stand density) unnecessary. A numerical example demonstrates the methodology used to predict random
effects parameters, and thus, to estimate plot specific height–diameter relationships. 相似文献
1000.
This research examined the first year growth characteristics of cold stored and transplanted nursery-produced aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings (container and bareroot (BR)) and compared it to the growth of seedlings that had not been transplanted (established
from germinants in the field) and therefore had an unrestricted root system (UR). Prior to planting, nursery-produced seedlings
were placed in cold storage (−3°C) and root growth potential (RGP) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) root reserves
were tested at 0, 10, 75 and after 150 (container) and 190 days (BR) of storage. Both container and BR stock had much lower
root to shoot ratios (RSRs) and root carbohydrate reserves compared to UR seedlings after 170 days. During storage, root reserves
in container stock declined faster than in the BR and UR seedlings. RGP in all nursery stock was the highest after 75 days
of storage, while longer storage resulted in shoot dieback and reduced root growth. After the first growing season, UR seedlings
were one tenth the size of the nursery stock; however, in the second growing season they had no stem dieback and grew twice
the height and stem diameter. The higher RSRs and root reserves in the UR seedlings was likely caused by early bud set in
its first year of growth. This suggests that inducing bud set earlier in the growing regime might allow seedlings to increase
root mass and carbohydrate reserves. 相似文献