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21.
A laboratory strain of Drosophila mercatorum has existed for 20 years without males and therefore without natural selection operating to maintain the genetic basis of female mating behavior. The females of this strain have recently experienced a genetic impairment of mating capacity. This observation exemplifies the mode of evolution of vestigial characters and supports Muller's theory that random mutation will tend to destroy the genetic basis of a character from which selection has been removed. 相似文献
22.
A. Schots J. De Boer A. Schouten J. Roosien J. F. Zil Verentant H. Pomp L. Bouwman-Smits H. Overmars F. J. Gommers B. Visser W. J. Stiekema J. Bakker 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(2):183-191
Engineering resistance against various diseases and pests is hampered by the lack of suitable genes. To overcome this problem we started a research program aimed at obtaining resistance by transfecting plants with genes encoding monoclonal antibodies against pathogen specific proteins. The idea is that monoclonal antibodies will inhibit the biological activity of molecules that are essential for the pathogenesis. Potato cyst nematodes are chosen as a model and it is thought that monoclonal antibodies are able to block the function of the saliva proteins of this parasite. These proteins are, among others, responsible for the induction of multinucleate transfer cells upon which the nematode feeds. It is well documented that the ability of antibodies to bind molecules is sufficient to inactivate the function of an antigen and in view of the potential of animals to synthesize antibodies to almost any molecular structure, this strategy should be feasible for a wide range of diseases and pests.Antibodies have several desirable features with regard to protein engineering. The antibody (IgG) is a Y-shaped molecule, in which the domains forming the tips of the arms bind to antigen and those forming the stem are responsible for triggering effector functions (Fc fragments) that eliminate the antigen from the animal. Domains carrying the antigen-binding loops (Fv and Fab fragments) can be used separately from the Fc fragments without loss of affinity. The antigen-binding domains can also be endowed with new properties by fusing them to toxins or enzymes. Antibody engineering is also facilitated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A systematic comparison of the nucleotide sequence of more than 100 antibodies revealed that not only the 3′-ends, but also the 5′-ends of the antibody genes are relatively conserved. We were able to design a small set of primers with restriction sites for forced cloning, which allowed the amplification of genes encoding antibodies specific for the saliva proteins ofGlobodera rostochiensis. Complete heavy and light chain genes as well as single chain Fv fragments (scFv), in which the variable parts of the light (VL) and heavy chain (VH) are linked by a peptide, will be transferred to potato plants. A major challenge will be to establish a correct expression of the antibody genes with regard to three dimensional folding, assembly and intracellular location. 相似文献
23.
Comparison of morphology, viability, and function between blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats
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Sui Zhi Tian Chai Ju Chang Chih Chi Chiang Huo Cheng Peh Mu Chiou Huang Jai-Wei Lee Xin Zhao 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2005,69(1):39-45
The morphological features of blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats were compared using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry in order to investigate the cytological changes of neutrophils after migration into the mammary gland. The kinetics of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generation and gelatinase release of blood and milk neutrophils, with or without stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate ester (PMA), were used to characterize their responses to inflammatory stimuli. Neutrophils isolated from goat milk were highly segmented and contained multi-lobed nuclei. Ultrastructurally, milk neutrophils were more ruffled on the surface compared to blood neutrophils. Approximately 30% of milk neutrophils were undergoing cell death, either necrosis or apoptosis, in contrast to 8% of blood neutrophils. The ROI production of activated milk neutrophils peaked earlier than blood neutrophils, but the duration and the intensity were much less. Neutrophils from both sources augmented the release of gelatinase in response to PMA (1 ng/mL). However, the amount of gelatinase released from milk neutrophils was lower (P < 0.05) than that of blood neutrophils. In summary, more neutrophils become apoptotic and necrotic in the mammary gland, presumably due to spontaneous aging, the process of diapedesis, and the interaction with milk components. Milk neutrophils have impaired functionalities in comparison with blood neutrophils. The information is relevant when studying mammary gland immunity and related diseases, such as mastitis. 相似文献
24.
Shohei MATSUURA Shigeru HOSHINO Hideaki HAYASHI Tetsuyuki KOHGUCHI Kyoji HAGIWARA Toshihiro OMURA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2002,68(1):99-102
DAS-ELISA proved to be reliable enough to detect a latent infection by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in asymptomatic stock plants of chrysanthemum. A high density of Frankliniella occidentalis, the predominant vector, in the presence of latently infected stock plants resulted in a high incidence of disease in the chrysanthemum
production field. The incidence of disease was low when the vector thrips were not abundant in spite of the presence of latently
infected stock plants. These results suggest that an infestation of the vector thrips causes severe secondary spread of TSWV
originating from latently infected stock plants in chrysanthemum production fields.
Received 27 July 2001/ Accepted in revised form 27 November 2001 相似文献
25.
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27.
Eiji Tanaka Chihiro Tanaka Atsushi Ishihara Yasumasa Kuwahara Mitsuya Tsuda 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(1):1-6
Aciculosporium take (Ascomycota; Clavicipitaceae) is a causal agent of witches' broom of
bamboo plants. The symptoms of this disease are believed to be induced by plant
hormones, particularly auxins. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified in
cultures of this fungus in an l-tryptophan-supplemented liquid medium.
IAA production was confirmed on 30 isolates of A. take from various
hosts and locations at levels up to 1 mg/l. The biosynthetic pathway of
IAA in A. take culture was examined by analyzing intermediate products
and by feeding experiments. The results showed that the indole-3-pyruvic acid
pathway (l-tryptophan → indole-3-pyruvic acid → indole
acetaldehyde → IAA) was the dominant pathway in A. take.
Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 25, 2002 相似文献
28.
Hiromitsu Furuya Tsutomu Matsumoto Shin-ichi Fuji Hideki Naito 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(2):115-119
Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than
in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding
roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The
results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical
symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could
occur in soils of rice paddy fields.
Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002
Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance. 相似文献
29.
一个马铃薯Y病毒山东分离物的分离与鉴定 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
从具有典型花叶症状的马铃薯叶片中分离到马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)(本文称PVY-SD-TA分离物),扩繁后,提纯病毒,电镜下可观察到700~900 nm×11 nm的病毒粒体,病组织超薄切片观察可见风轮状的内含体结构,寄主反应特性研究表明其能侵染2科13种植物。SDS-PAGE电泳检测病毒编码的外壳蛋白亚基的分子量为33 kDa。以PVY-SD-TA基因组RNA为模板,应用RT-PCR方法和特异引物合成了外壳蛋白基因。对cDNA全序列分析表明,PVY-SD-TA CP基因核苷酸序列与N株系的同源性为96%,与GenBank中登录序列号为AJ390306的O株系分离物的同源性最高,为99%;与国内不同学者报道的PVY中国流行株的同源性分别为96%,97%和98%。通过以上生物学特性和分子水平的研究将PVY-SD-TA鉴定为普通株系(PVYO株系)。 相似文献
30.
淡紫拟青霉菌料防治大豆胞囊线虫的后效研究 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
淡紫拟青霉不同菌株的培养菌料,施225kg/hm2,对大豆胞囊线虫不但当年有45%~69%的较好防效,而且第2年和第3年仍然有22.5%~37.7%和7.3%~22.9%的后效,即空胞囊和被寄生的胞囊数量增加。 相似文献