The Optimization for Crop Planning and Some Advances for Water-Saving Crop Planning in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The establishment of water-saving crop planning is an inevitable choice of the water-saving agriculture for the water-deficiency region in the arid and semiarid Loess Plateau of China and the world. The water-saving crop planning refers to the planting structure that centres the adjustment of the crop's adaptation to water, the optimization of temporal and spatial layout for crops, the local natural resources, marketing resources, human resources and financial input to enable region or basin with limited water resources to achieve the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits of planting industry under certain technology and economy. After the analysis on the research progress of optimization theory, optimization goals, optimization methods of water-saving cultivation structure and macro-control measures, it is pointed out that the main deficiencies of the current research of water-saving cultivation pattern optimization are lacking of a strong theoretical basis, and the immaturity of optimization technologies. The future crucial research direction will focus on five aspects such as the special optimization theory system, the division methods by studying the watershed unit and using 3S technology, optimization model based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, evaluation of rationality and macro-control measures on the basis of the public participation.     

往复式割刀切割马铃薯秧数值模拟分析

针对马铃薯收秧机械在国内发展空白和往复式切割器切割马铃薯秧蔓研究较少的问题,对往复式切割器进行三维建模、显式动力学分析,并仿真得到往复式切割器在切割马铃薯秧过程中的变形结果、应力和剪切力变化折线图。结果表明:马铃薯秧的最大变形为148.98mm,最大应力为2.7706MPa,最大剪切力为1.5368 MPa,且往复式切割刀的各项指标均在合理范围之内,能够充分实现马铃薯秧苗的切割。该研究内容可为往复式切割器在马铃薯秧蔓切割问题上的探讨提供参考。     

挖拔式木薯收获机挖深液压控制装置的设计与试验

针对挖拔式木薯收获机在收获过程中带有一定倾角的挖掘铲有朝着深度方向行进的趋势,增加了挖土量及挖掘负荷等问题,提出了基于液压控制系统调整挖深的设计思路。为此,研制了一种挖深液压控制装置,主要由地表仿形机构、挖掘铲液压调节机构、液压系统及PLC控制系统4部分组成;同时,对液压系统的负载特性进行系统分析计算,选取了合适的执行元器件,并在此基础上进行土槽实验。结果表明:地表仿形机构,最大误差8.9%,平均误差3.5%;掘铲液压控制系统的响应时间为1.7s,1s内完成对挖出铲的角度与深度自动调节,测试效果能够满足精准挖深控制要求。     

淀粉胶生物质炭基氮肥制备及其缓释特性分析

以生物质炭为载体,与自制改性淀粉胶黏剂、尿素进行复合,利用万能力学试验机和自制成型模具制备颗粒缓释肥料,研究水分添加量、成型压力、炭肥比及胶黏剂添加量4个因素对颗粒肥料抗压性能和缓释性能的影响。结果表明:对于纯炭粉成型,当水分含量为10%、成型温度为45℃、成型压力为6k N时,成型颗粒的抗压强度达到最大;尿素与炭粉混合后成型可以增加颗粒强度,当稻壳炭-尿素(即炭肥比)为5:1时,在同样成肥条件下,肥料颗粒的抗压强度最大;改性淀粉胶黏剂可进一步增加肥料颗粒强度,当胶黏剂添加量为5%时,肥料颗粒的抗压强度达到最大。不同配比条件下制备的缓释肥料,其氮素累积释放规律符合"S"型释放模型,添加胶黏剂制备的缓释肥的缓释性能明显优于传统的尿素肥料,以胶黏剂添加量为5%时缓释效果最佳。     

农用挖掘机铲斗机构的多体运动学与动力学研究

农用液压挖掘机的工作装置有其特殊性,而铲斗机构是其重要的组成部分.由于农用挖掘机工作时主要以铲斗挖掘,所以铲斗机构的设计合理与否尤为重要.为此,针对铲斗机构进行理论分析,认为铲斗机构属于平面多体系统,应用多体系统动力学中的凯恩-休斯顿法分析了系统的运动学问题,利用拉格朗日法分析了系统的动力学问题,并分别给出了相应的运动学方程.最后,用ADAMS软件进行了联合仿真,得到了动力参数曲线,为优化设计和自动控制提供了理论依据.     

2CMF-2型马铃薯施肥种植机

我国马铃薯传统的种植方法是切块种植,这给机械化带来一定困难.近年来,虽然有了初步定型的种植机,但性能指标并不理想,主要存在重播和漏播严重、株距不均等问题.为此,设计了2CMF-2型马铃薯施肥种植机,阐述了其设计原理和设计思想,介绍了其技术参数及结构特点,从而为马铃薯施肥种植机的研制提供参考依据.     

蚕蛹切割装置的设计

蚕蛹营养丰富,是人们喜爱的食品之一.在直接食用蚕蛹的时候,蛹皮不但影响人们食用的口味,而且大都被舍弃.蛹皮中含有利用价值较高的几丁质等物质,为了提高蚕蛹的利用率和蚕蛹食用的适口性,可以在蚕蛹食用之前把蚕蛹和外壳分离,这样不但提高了蚕蛹食用时的风味,而且提高了利用价值.蚕蛹切割装置是蚕蛹去皮的主要装置之一,采用机械的方式将蛹皮和蛹体分离,从而提高蛹皮的利用价值.     

喷杆式喷雾机喷雾参数优化

在农业生产系统中,喷雾是一个复杂的物理过程,影响喷雾质量的因素错综复杂,难以给出一个适合各种情况的综合喷量.喷雾参数的优化旨在从众多的喷雾参数中分析找出影响喷雾质量的主要因素,并提出相对合理的取值范围,从而为农药的合理使用在技术上提供参考依据.     

大棚番茄晚疫病药剂防治

番茄晚疫病又叫番茄疫病,是露地番茄的主要病害.但是,随着保护地栽培面积的增加,为番茄晚疫菌提供了越冬场所,菌源量不断累积,致使保护地番茄晚疫病有逐年加重趋势,番茄晚疫病已成为保护地番茄的重要病害.     

Validation of dual-crop coefficient method for calculation of rice evapotranspiration under drying–wetting cycle condition

Based on data collected from rice fields under drying–wetting cycle condition, the procedure of dual-crop coefficient (K _cd) approaches was calibrated and validated to reveal its feasibility and improve its performance in rice evapotranspiration (ET _c) estimation. It was found that K _cd based on FAO-recommended basal crop coefficients (K _cb) underestimated dual-crop coefficients in monsoon climate region in East China. The recommended coefficient (K _cp) value of 1.2 was not high enough to reflect the pulse increase of rice ET _c after soil wetting. The K _cb values were calibrated as 1.52 and 0.63 in midseason and late season, and the K _cp value was adjusted as 1.29 after soil wetting in rice field under drying–wetting cycle condition. The dual-crop coefficient curves based on locally calibrated K _cbCal and K _cpCor matched well with the measured crop coefficients and performed well in calculating rice evapotranspiration from paddy fields under drying–wetting cycle condition. So it can be concluded that the procedure of dual-crop coefficient method is feasible in rice ET _c estimation, and locally calibrated K _cb and K _cp can improve its performance remarkably.