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Laboratory incubations were conducted to study the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on denitrification and respiratory gases (CO2, O2) from soil treated with ammonium or nitrate and incubated at 20 % moisture. The same samples were assayed for denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) after incubation at 40 % moisture with glucose and NO3–. Under aerobic conditions (20 % water content), a flush of activity was observed at 6 hours after start of incubation and subsided to negligible levels at 12 hours. Sodium chloride significantly depressed N2O and CO2 emissions and O2 consumption. Significantly more loss of N2O occurred from NH4+‐ than NO3–‐treated soil at all NaCl levels and was attributed to higher microbial activity. A highly significant positive correlation was obtained between N2O emission and respiratory gases. The respiratory quotient (CO2 evolved/O2) was higher for NH4+‐treated soil and decreased with the amount of NaCl. At 40 % moisture, N2O emissions were higher than at 20 % and peaked at 37 hours followed by a sharp decrease. Short‐term incubations of soil with NH4+ or NO3– did not have an effect on denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) while NaCl had a positive effect, particularly in previously NO3–‐treated soil. 相似文献
23.
A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of NH
4
+
fixation/defixation on the added N interaction (ANI) in three Illinois Mollisols fertilized with 100 or 200 mg N kg-1 soil. A positive ANI was observed in all three soils, which was greater at the higher rate of applied N. However, very little exchange was observed between applied 15NH
4
+
and the native clay-fixed NH
4
+
, and the ANI observed were attributed largely to microbial immobilization-mineralization. The results suggested that variations in the NH
4
+
fixation capacity of soils will not have a significant bearing on the interpretation of data obtained from studies of the ANI. 相似文献
24.
Summary The chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM) was used to measure the microbial biomass of 17 agricultural soils from Punjab Pakistan which represented different agricultural soil series. The biomass C was used to calculate biomass N and the changes occurring in NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N content of soils were studied during the turnover of microbial biomass or added C source. Mineral N released in fumigated-incubated soils and biomass N calculated from biomass C was correlated with some N availability indexes.The soils contained 427–1240 kg C as biomass which represented 1.2%–6.9% of the total organic C in the soils studied. Calculations based on biomass C showed that the soils contained 64–186 kg N ha–1 as microbial biomass. Immobilization of NCO3
–-N was observed in different soils during the turnover of microbial biomass and any net increase in mineral N content of fumigated incubated soils was attributed entirely to NH4
+-N.Biomass N calculated from biomass C showed non-significant correlation with different N availability indexes whereas mineral N accumulated in fumigated-incubated soils showed highly significant correlations with other indexes including N uptake by plants. 相似文献
25.
Foliar uptake of 15NH3 applied at two growth stages (tillering and anthesis) and the subsequent 15N-labelled vegetative-N distribution in different plant components at maturity was investigated in three rice cultivars, IR-6, NIAB-6 and Bas-385. Rice plants absorbed 22–30% and 18–24% of the 15NH3 applied at tillering and anthesis stages, respectively. Of the total 15NH3 absorbed at tillering stage, IR-6 and Bas-385 showed higher recovery (71%) in different plant components at maturity as compared to NIAB-6 (48% recovery). At maturity, percent recovery of the 15NH3 absorbed at anthesis stage was almost comparable in different cultivars, but it was lower (46–55%) than that absorbed at the tillering stage. Recovery of the absorbed 15NH3-N in the soil was negligible and ranged from 0.3–1%. At maturity, the cultivars IR-6 and Bas-385 showed a higher loss (45–53%) of 15NH3 absorbed at anthesis than at the tillering stage (29% loss), whereas for NIAB-6, the corresponding figures were comparable for the two growth stages (tillering, 51% loss; anthesis, 49% loss). Results indicated a variable potential of the tested rice cultivars for foliar uptake of atmospheric 15NH3 and distribution of 15N-labelled vegetative-N in different plant components. 相似文献
26.
Edith?Le?CadreEmail author Sophie?Génermont Farooq?Azam Sylvie?Recous 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,40(3):178-180
After dissolution of fertiliser granules, a high nitrogen concentration is recovered in the immediate vicinity of granules, which may enhance damaging processes like nitrite accumulation or ammonia volatilisation. Based on the diffusion equations of Cranck, the granule-soil microsite was modelled to obtain the actual fertilised surface plot and the effective rate of N application on this surface. Parameterisation of the diffusion coefficient of solutes consisted of a temperature and soil texture correction. The model was tested against an experimental data set obtained from soil incubations at two soil water contents (21.2% m3 m–3 and 28.3% m3 m–3) and two temperatures (4°C and 25°C) by comparing NH4+ recovery at various distances from the granules. The simulated radius of the granule-soil microsite was more affected by the water content than by the temperature. The model is very accurate because 95–100% of total NH4+ applied was recovered in the modelled surface depending on the experimental conditions (temperature and water content). The model was simple enough to be easily integrated into larger models dealing with surface-applied granule fertilisers. 相似文献
27.
Summary Non-symbiotic N2 fixation was studied under laboratory conditions in two soils from Pakistan (Hafizabad silt loam and Khurrarianwala silt loam) and one from Illinois, USA (Drummer silty clay loam) incubated in a 15N-enriched atmosphere. N2 fixation was greatest with the Drummer soil (18–122 g g–1 soil, depending upon the soil treatment) and lowest with the Khurrarianwala soil (4–81 g g–1 soil). Fixation was increased by the addition of glucose, a close correlation being observed between the amount of glucose added and the amount of N2 fixed in the three soils (r = 0.96). Efficiency of N2 fixation varied with soil type and treatment and was greatest in the presence of added inorganic P. Application of Mo apparently had a negative effect on the amount and efficiency of N2 fixation in all the soils. The percentage of non-symbiotically fixed 15N in potentially mineralizable form (NH
4
+
-N released in soil after a 15-day incubation period under anaerobic conditions) was low (2%–18%, depending upon the soil treatment), although most of the fixed N (up to 90%) was recovered as forms hydrolysable with 6N HCl. Recovery in hydrolysable forms was much greater for the fixed N than for the native soil N, indicating that the former was more available for uptake by plants. 相似文献
28.
Inhalt Es wird die Bedeutung der Optimierung des Herdenmanagements zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit in der Milchviehrucht hervorgehoben. Als wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine solche Optimierung wird die exakte Dokumentation aller für Gesundheit und Fruchtbarkeit relevanten Daten angesehen. Ein diese Daten berücksichtigendes Bestandskarteisystem wird vorgestellt, Auswertungsmöglichkeiten, Aussagekraft und Bedeutzlng für das Betriebsmanagement werden an Hand von Beispielen aus einem siebenjährigen Versuch erläutert .
Contents: Documentation of data for improving herd management — a way of obtaining high milk yield and maintaining herd health and fertility
The importance of perfecting herd management to improve the economical aspects of dairy cattle breeding is emphasized. An essential prerequisite for such an improvement is the precise documentation of all important data concerning herd health and fertility. A card-index-system considering all these data is introduced, its possibilities of evaluation, interpretation value, and importance for farm- and breeding management are presented by means of examples out of a seven-year-research . 相似文献
Contents: Documentation of data for improving herd management — a way of obtaining high milk yield and maintaining herd health and fertility
The importance of perfecting herd management to improve the economical aspects of dairy cattle breeding is emphasized. An essential prerequisite for such an improvement is the precise documentation of all important data concerning herd health and fertility. A card-index-system considering all these data is introduced, its possibilities of evaluation, interpretation value, and importance for farm- and breeding management are presented by means of examples out of a seven-year-research . 相似文献
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