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61.
Alder MN Rogozin IB Iyer LM Glazko GV Cooper MD Pancer Z 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5756):1970-1973
Instead of the immunoglobulin-type antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, jawless fish have variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which consist of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. Somatic diversification of the VLR gene is shown here to occur through a multistep assembly of LRR modules randomly selected from a large bank of flanking cassettes. The predicted concave surface of the VLR is lined with hypervariable positively selected residues, and computational analysis suggests a repertoire of about 10(14) unique receptors. Lamprey immunized with anthrax spores responded with the production of soluble antigen-specific VLRs. These findings reveal that two strikingly different modes of antigen recognition through rearranged lymphocyte receptors have evolved in the jawless and jawed vertebrates. 相似文献
62.
Microbial biomass C and soil respiration measurements were made in 17–20 yr old soils developed on sluiced and tipped coal‐combustion ashes. Topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm) samples were collected from three soil profiles at two abandoned disposal sites located in the city area of Halle, Saxony‐Anhalt. Selected soil physical (bulk density and texture) and chemical (pH, organic C, total N, CEC, plant available K and P, and total Cd and Cu) properties were measured. pH values were significantly lower while organic C and total N contents and the C : N ratio were significantly higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil indicating the effects of substrate weathering and pedogenic C accumulation. Likewise, microbial biomass C, K2SO4‐extractable C, and soil respiration with median values of 786 μg biomass C g–1, 262 μg K2SO4‐C g–1, and 6.05 μg CO2‐C g–1 h–1, respectively, were significantly higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil. However, no significant difference was observed in metabolic quotient between the topsoil and the subsoil. Metabolic quotient with median values of 5.98 and 8.54 mg CO2‐C (g biomass C)–1 h–1 for the 0–30 cm and 30–100 cm depths, respectively, was higher than the data reported in the literature for arable and forest soils. Microbial biomass C correlated significantly with extractable C but no relationship was observed between it and total N, Cd, and Cu contents, as well as plant‐available K and P. We conclude that the presence of the remarkable concentration of extractable C in the weathered lignite ashes allowed the establishment of microbial populations with high biomass. The high metabolic quotients observed might be attributed to the heavy‐metal contamination and to the microbial communities specific to ash soils. 相似文献
63.
64.
Effectiveness of dietary vitamin supplementation to the performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae in intensive rearing condition 下载免费PDF全文
Zsuzsanna Jakab Sándor Zsuzsanna Bor Papp László Ardó Janka Nagy Biro Galina Jeney 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(2):738-747
Study of enrichment of different vitamins (C, B1, B6 and E) in common carp larvae through 4 weeks feeding in recirculation system was carried out. For this purpose, procedure for enrichment of Artemia nauplii with different vitamins was developed and investigated the effectiveness in larvae nutrition. The habituation of larvae to dry feeds was done using supplemented dry diets with the same vitamins. To study the effect of vitamins in young fish, the most common stress situation was planned for carp nursed fries, which occurs during transportation. Levels of vitamins and parameters of immune response in mucus were monitored before and after stress situation. At the end of the feeding trials using enriched Artemia nauplii, level of vitamin B1, B6 and C were increased in the body of fish, but remained on similar level or decreased after dry feeding period. Therefore, we concluded that Artemia is a good delivery vector of these vitamins. While handling stress, vitamin C and E concentration was decreased and sparing effect of antioxidant vitamins was confirmed in groups supplemented with both vitamins. Vitamin B1 was consumed intensively during the stress, vigorously in groups without supplementation. Contrary to this, vitamin B6 level increased in stress condition in group without supplementations. The levels of immunoglobulins in mucus were increased in all treated groups independently of treatment. Our results confirm that carp larvae reared in tank condition needs sufficient amount of vitamins C, B1 and B6 supplements to protect them from the mild handling stress. 相似文献
65.
Elisabetta Gotor Mauricio R. Bellon Muhabbat Turdieva Karim Baymetov Parhod Nazarov Elena Dorohova-Shreder Vladislav Arzumanov Mikhail Dzavakyants Abduvahob Abdurasulov Galina Chernova Eugeniy Butkov Francesco Caracciolo 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(5):1253-1266
The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a set of interventions related to on-farm/in situ conservation and use of fruit species (cultivated and wild) on farmers’ livelihoods and species diversity in Central Asia. Specifically, a difference-in-differences propensity score matching is used to evaluate the outcome of a development research program in Uzbekistan between 2005 and 2010. Species crop diversity maintained by farmers before and after the project increased as a result of the interventions, showing the efficacy of the interventions promoted by the projects in terms of conservation. Furthermore, innovations provided by the program increased both household propensity of marketing and self-consumption of target fruit. However, the program’s interventions did not seem to impact significantly any of the indicators related to household livelihoods. The short time elapsed between the end of the project and the impact assessment may be too brief to capture any observable impact on livelihoods. 相似文献
66.
Leonardo J. Solmesky Avi Zrachya Galina Denisova Yedidya Gafni Jonathan M. Gershoni 《Phytoparasitica》2010,38(2):201-208
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus that seriously threatens tomato crops worldwide. Current immunodiagnostic methods for this pathogen
employ commercially produced mAbs raised against TYLCV. However, despite the existence of these mAbs, little information regarding
their characterization or strategy of production has been published. In addition, research on TYLCV would certainly benefit
were more mAbs available, thus allowing efficient examination of the virus life cycle, modes of pathogenesis and possibly
the development of resistant cultivars. The coat protein (CP) of TYLCV is the only known building block of the viral capsid.
Therefore, in this study we used CP as an immunogen for the production of novel mAbs. We employed a strategy in which the
CP was truncated at its C-terminus to avoid intra- and inter-protein interactions that could impair epitope exposure. For
the same reason, we used a denaturated antigen to expose linear epitopes during the immunization. This effort yielded three
mAbs: they were characterized biochemically and immunologically, and their epitopes were mapped. Possible applications of
these mAbs are discussed. 相似文献
67.
香菇多糖对鲤鱼(cyprinus carpio)离体培养免疫细胞的活性调节作用* 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用Percoll密度离心等技术,对鲤鱼的头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞进行分离纯化,并离体培养。体外暴露不同浓度的黄芪多糖(APS)和香菇多糖(LNT)后,分别采用 MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)法测定它们对鲤鱼外周血白细胞增殖的影响;NBT(nitroblue tetrazolium)还原法和Griess试剂显色法测定对头肾巨噬细胞的呼吸爆发的影响;实时定量PCR法测定头肾巨噬细胞细胞因子IL-1β诱导表达的影响。结果显示,香菇多糖能显著诱导巨噬细胞的氧爆发活性;其低浓度时对细胞的氮呼吸爆发活性无显著影响,随着作用浓度的增加表现为高浓度抑制作用;香菇多糖可以显著促进鲤鱼外周血白细胞的增殖,且能显著增强IL-1β的体外诱导表达。结果表明香菇多糖对离体培养鲤鱼免疫细胞有明显活性作用,对鲤鱼非特异性免疫和特异性免疫具有促进作用,是一种有潜力的鱼用免疫增强剂。 相似文献
68.
69.
Alejandro Mendoza Daniel Cavestany Gonzalo Roig Julio Ariztia Claudia Pereira Alejandro La Manna David A. Contreras Carlos S. Galina 《Livestock Science》2010,127(1):60-66
The effect of restricted suckling on milk yield and composition, udder health, and postpartum anoestrus in dairy cows in pasture-based systems, was studied in 32 Holstein multiparous cows and their calves. At calving, each cow–calf pair was randomly assigned to one of two treatments: restricted suckling (RS) of the cows by her own or another calf, twice daily for 30 min or artificial rearing (AR) of the calves with milk obtained from the bulk tank, offered twice a day in buckets. Treatments were applied until week 8 after calving. The diet of the cows consisted of direct grazing in improved pastures, corn silage and a commercial concentrate which was offered at milking. Milk production and composition, udder health, body condition score of the cows, body weight and milk intake of the calves were measured weekly, and the first postpartum ovulation was determined three times a week by ovarian ultrasonography. Cows with RS management had a lower machine-milked milk yield (17.9 vs. 24.8 kg/d), a lower fat percentage (3.21 vs. 4.11%) and 4% fat-corrected milk yield (16.2 vs. 25.7 kg/d), and also a lower average milk flow (1.35 vs. 1.76 kg/min) than cows in the AR treatment. There was no effect of treatment on milk protein percentage or udder health as measured by milk electrical conductivity. The interval from calving to first postpartum ovulation was shorter in the AR cows than in the RS cows (18.5 vs. 21.8 days). The RS calves consumed more milk (7.2 vs. 5.4 kg/d), gained more body weight (0.813 vs. 0.656 kg/d), and had a higher body weight at weaning (84.3 vs. 73.3 kg) than AR calves. Restricted suckling of grazing dairy cows had a negative effect on machine-milked milk yield, fat percentage and 4% fat-corrected milk yield, but had no effect on udder health or on improved weight gain and body weight at weaning of the calves. 相似文献
70.
Prevalence of various phenotypes of Streptococcus suis isolated from swine in the U.S.A. based on the presence of muraminidase-released protein and extracellular factor. 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4 下载免费PDF全文
The present study describes the prevalence of muraminidase-released protein (MRP) and extracellular factor (EF) proteins associated with virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 from a collection of USA strains. Sixty-six strains belonging to serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10, were analyzed with a set of double antibody sandwich ELISAs and Western blots. Nineteen of 34 serotype 2 strains from cases of swine meningitis had the MRP+EF+ phenotype. Five of 7 serotype 2 strains isolated from lungs had an MRP*EF- phenotype. An MRP-EF+ phenotype was found in 4/34 strains isolated from swine meningitis. The MRP*EF- and MRP-EF+ phenotypes have not been reported previously. All strains of serotypes other than 2, including isolates from cases of meningitis, had the MRP-EF- phenotype, suggesting that these strains must have other, as yet undetected, virulence factors. 相似文献