The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ivermectin in domestic animal species

The pharmacokinetic properties of drugs are closely related to their pharmacological efficacy. The kinetics of ivermectin are characterised, in general terms, by a slow absorption process, a broad distribution in the organism, low metabolism, and slow excretion. The kinetics vary according to the route of administration, formulation, animal species, body condition, age, and physiological status, all of which contribute to differences in drug efficacy. Characterisation of ivermectin kinetics can be used to predict and optimise the value of the parasiticide effects and to design programmes for parasite control. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in several domestic animal species.     

有机硒对羔羊生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究有机硒对羔羊生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响,试验选用30只体重20kg左右的滩羊羔羊,分成3组,对照组不添加硒,2个补硒组分别添加富硒酵母、亚硒酸钠,其剂量以硒计均为0.1mg/kg日粮,试验期为60d。结果表明：①富硒酵母不能提高羔羊的生长性能。②在30和60d时,2个补硒组血液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、SOD酶活性,均显著或极显著高于对照组（P＆lt;0.05或P＆lt;0.01）;血清中MDA含量,均极显著低于对照组（P＆lt;0.01）。上述结果说明有机硒提高羔羊抗氧化能力的效果优于无机硒。     

1例规模化猪场暴发高致病性繁殖与呼吸综合征（HPPRRS）与圆环Ⅱ型（PCV-2）混合感染的诊治

四川省邻水县的1个规模化猪场60-60日龄猪只430头相继暴发疲病,采集15头病猪血清样品和2头病死猪肺和脾脏组织病料,采用HPPRRSV RT—PCR试剂盒（军事兽医研究所涂长春教授惠赠）检测,结果是8份血清（占55．8％）和2份病料（100％）为阳性。同时,6份血清和2头病死猪肺和脾脏组织病料用PCV-2 PCR试剂盒（自制）检测,结果是3份血清（占50％）和2份病料（100％）为阳性;结果表明：该猪场暴发了HPPff,RSV和PCV2混合感染。     

图牧吉自然保护区白鹤秋季觅食地生境初步研究

2004年8～9月采用定点观察法、GPS定位法和样方法对内蒙古扎赉特旗图牧吉国家级自然保护区白鹤的秋季停歇期的觅食地生境进行了调查研究,数据分析结果显示：在201个实验样方和201个对照样方中,苔草高度、芦苇高度、香蒲高度、植被盖度和植被密度的t值均小于0．05,存在显著或极显著差异;另外,主成分分析结果显示,前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到56．652％,在第一主成分中,水稗草高度和水流状况的贡献率较高;在第二主成分中,水深和水透明度的贡献率较高;在第三主成分中,香蒲高度和植被密度的贡献率较高：在第4主成分中,苔草高度的贡献率较高。     

关于建立村级兽医卫生室的探讨

通过探讨建立村级兽医卫生室的必要性、职责、主要措施和建议,以达到建立健全动物防疫体系,防治重大动物疫病的发生,确保畜牧业健康发展,提高畜产品安全水平和人民群众身体健康的目的。     

奶牛日粮中添加棕榈酸钙对乳品质及乳钙含量的影响

选择36头产奶量相近且健康的中国荷斯坦牛,研究棕榈酸钙对乳品质和乳钙含量的影响.试验分为三组:A组为基础日粮;B组为基础日粮+200g棕榈酸钙;C组为基础日粮+400g棕榈酸钙.试验结果表明:(1)B组C组乳脂率分别比对照组提高6.3%、9.8%(P<0.05),乳中钙含量分别提高20.0%、16.3%(P<0.05);(2)A、B、C三组乳蛋白率差异不显著(P>0.05).     

紫花苜蓿PGIP同源基因克隆与序列核苷酸多态性分析

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(PGIP)是植物重要的防卫蛋白之一,了解PGIP基因的核苷酸序列是对其进行分子遗传学与分子生物学研究的前提与基础。本研究采用同源克隆法,从16个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种的集群DNA中克隆了7个苜蓿PGIP基因的部分基因组编码序列,分别对应于蒺藜苜蓿(M. truncatula)7个不同的PGIP基因,并命名为MsPGIP5、MsPGIP6、MsPGIP7、MsPGIP8、MsPGIP9、MsPGIP10和MsPGIP11。其中,MsPGIP5、MsPGIP6、MsPGIP8、MsPGIP9和MsPGIP11的单核苷酸多态性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)位点间的平均距离分别为20、74、34、423和21 bp,差异较大。对MsPGIP5、MsPGIP6、MsPGIP8和MsPGIP11进行荧光标记PCR单链构象多态性(FPCR-SSCP)分析,结果表明,其等位基因数目与PCR片段长度的比值分别为20、56、22和19 bp,变化趋势与这4个基因SNP位点间的平均距离基本一致。比较而言,在发现的7个苜蓿PGIP基因中,MsPGIP9序列高度保守,MsPGIP5和MsPGIP11的变异较大,而MsPGIP6与MsPGIP8的变异中等。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from wild birds in the Poyang Lake region of China

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious viral disease in poultry and wild birds, and it can cause significant economic loss worldwide. Eight viral strains were isolated by inoculating embryonated chicken eggs from the Poyang Lake region of China with swab samples. All eight of the NDV isolates were identified as class I genotype 3 strains, but they diverged notablely from class II viruses. Further analysis revealed that all eight NDV isolates were lentogenic strains containing the ¹¹²ERQER↓L¹¹⁷ motif at the F protein cleavage site. The strains were highly identical and were more species specific (chicken and waterfowl) than site specific (Nanchang and Duchang regions). The close phylogenetic proximity of these isolates indicates that viral transmission may happen between poultry and wild birds. Our study demonstrates that lentogenic class I NDVs exist in clinically healthy wild waterfowl and poultry within the Poyang Lake region. Active surveillance of these viruses to determine their evolution and origin is one of the most realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks.     

Immunization of BALB/c mice with Brucella abortus 2308ΔwbkA confers protection against wild-type infection

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes animal and human diseases. Vaccination is a major measure for prevention of brucellosis, but it is currently not possible to distinguish vaccinated animals from those that have been naturally infected. Therefore, in this study, we constructed the Brucella (B.) abortus 2380 wbkA mutant (2308ΔwbkA) and evaluated its virulence. The survival of 2308ΔwbkA was attenuated in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and BALB/c mice, and it induced high protective immunity in mice. The wbkA mutant elicited an anti-Brucella-specific immunoglobulin G response and induced the secretion of gamma interferon. Antibodies to 2308ΔwbkA could be detected in sera from mice, implying the potential for use of this protein as a diagnostic antigen. The WbkA antigen would allow serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. These results suggest that 2308ΔwbkA is a potential attenuated vaccine against 16M. This vaccine will be further evaluated in sheep.     

活体动物中大环内脂类残留检测微生物抑制法的建立

[目的]建立活体动物中大环内酯类残留的检测方法。[方法]采用微生物抑制方法,对藤黄微球菌CMCC 28001的选择性和特异性、样品提取方法、平板制备条件、方法检出限等技术参数进行研究。[结果]建立的方法可用于活体动物中红霉素、泰乐菌素、螺旋霉素、林可霉素、吉他霉素和克林霉素等6种大环内脂类药物的残留检测。当菌悬液添加浓度为10~(-3)倍稀释液(5.5×106CFU/m L)以及培养基PH值为7.5且培养温度为30℃时,可产生直径最大,边缘光滑、完整、清晰的抑菌圈。[结论]该方法具有良好的敏感性和重复性,成本低,操作简便,是色谱分析、免疫分析等其它方法的有益补充。