Modulation of function of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes by high temperature in vitro and in vivo.

Function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation with mitogens were evaluated in vitro at incubation temperatures of 38.5 and 42 C, and after in vivo heat stress of lactating Holstein cows. Cytochrome-c reduction and random migration of PMNL were reduced when cells were preincubated or incubated at 42 C, but high incubation temperature had little or no effect on phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli. Proliferation of lymphocytes was reduced when cells were incubated for 60 hours at 42 C after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, or concanavalin A. After stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes were most sensitive to high temperature during the first 24 hours of the 60-hour culture period. High incubation temperature had little effect on viability of cells. In vivo heat stress had no significant effect on responses of PMNL in vitro, but the decrease in proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro at high temperature was less when cells were obtained from heat-stressed cows. Total leukocyte counts in blood and somatic cell counts in milk were higher in heat-stressed cows. Results indicate that: exposure to high temperature in vitro can depress responses of PMNL and lymphocytes; apparent adaptive mechanisms induced by in vivo heat stress provide protection from effects of high temperature seen in vitro; and evidence could not be found to support the hypothesis that reduction in immune function is the basis for increases in the incidence of mastitis during the summer.     

Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection, typing, and subtyping of vesicular stomatitis virus.

An indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) typing using sets of monovalent and polyvalent rabbit/guinea pig antisera for identification of VSV types New Jersey (VNJ) and Indiana (VIND). The VIND polyvalent antiserum (VIND-P) detects any strain of the 3 subtypes of the VIND type (VIND-1, VIND-2, and VIND-3) with the same strong reactivity. It is also possible to subtype the VIND strains using VIND-P rabbit antiserum as capture antibody and monovalent VIND-1, VIND-2, or VIND-3 guinea pig antisera as detector. The ELISA proposed has about 10 times more sensitivity and provides 10% more positive results than does the complement fixation 50% (CF50) test when epithelial samples are tested.     

Diabetes mellitus induced in a dog after administration of corticosteroids and methylprednisolone pulse therapy

An 8-year-old ovariohysterectomized Chow Chow was referred because of dermatologic lesions diagnosed as pemphigus foliaceus. Intolerance to orally administered corticosteroids necessitated the use of methylprednisolone pulse therapy. One week after treatment, diabetes mellitus was diagnosed on the basis of blood and urine test results. For 3 years after treatment, the dog has remained a well-regulated diabetic. Complete remission of pemphigus foliaceus is maintained by alternate-day, orally administered prednisone (0.5 mg/kg of body weight).     

Prolongation of xylazine/ketamine induced recumbency time with temazepam in horses

Short term anaesthesia induced with xylazine and ketamine was compared to a combination of xylazine, ketamine and temazepam (a benzodiazepine) in six adult horses. Duration of recumbency was significantly prolonged when temazepam was administered with xylazine and ketamine. No significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure or arterial pH, pCO2 and pO2 were seen between the xylazine and ketamine combination plus temazepam, and xylazine and ketamine combination only treated horses.     

Resistance of Pasteurella multocida A:3,4 to phagocytosis by turkey macrophages and heterophils

A virulent field isolate and 2 vaccine strains of Pasteurella multocida A:3,4 were compared for resistance to phagocytosis by turkey macrophages and heterophils, using in vitro assays. The least virulent vaccine strain (M-9) was phagocytosed to a greater degree than was the field isolate or the other vaccine strain (Clemson University). All 3 bacteria differed significantly from each other in the amount of capsular material present as measured by polycationic ferritin labeling and electron microscopy. Removal of the capsule with hyaluronidase resulted in a significant increase in phagocytosis of the field isolate.     

Outer membrane protein profiles of Yersinia ruckeri

The outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles of 135 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri, obtained from nine European countries (100 isolates), North America (23 isolates), Australia (six isolates) and South Africa (two isolates), and including four reference strains, were examined by SDS-PAGE. Outer membranes were isolated by selective solubilisation of the cytoplasmic membrane with 0.5% (w/v) sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate (Sarkosyl). Outer membrane proteins were stable after in vitro passage and there was no variation in OMP profiles due to colony selection. With the exception of a 39.5 kDa peptidoglycan-associated protein there was also no variation at different stages of the growth cycle. The 39.5 kDa protein was not produced during logarithmic growth phase but increased in abundance as the stationary phase progressed. Interstrain variation occurred in the possession of a 36.5 or 38 kDa heat-modifiable protein and in the possession of peptidoglycan-associated proteins in the molecular weight range 36.5 to 40.5 kDa. Based on variation of these proteins five OMP-types, designated OMP-types 1-5, were identified among the 135 isolates examined. Outer membrane protein analysis was demonstrated to be useful in epidemiological studies of Y. ruckeri.     

Influence of nutrition and body condition on pituitary, ovarian, and thyroid function of nonlactating beef cows

Nonpregnant Hereford cows (n = 70) were used to determine the effect of nutrient intake and body condition on reproductive and thyroid function. Body condition scores (BCS; 1 = emaciated; 9 = obese) of cows averaged 5.0 +/- .2 on July 1, and cows were fed for 4 mo either to lose weight and BCS (thin; n = 22), to maintain weight and BCS (moderate; n = 24), or to gain weight and BCS (fat; n = 24). After November 1, cows received a complete ration to maintain weight and BCS. Cows were slaughtered in December (six thin, eight moderate, and eight fat cows) or the subsequent March (16 cows per group). Before slaughter, cows were given two injections of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) 11 d apart. Six days after the second PGF injection, cows were simultaneously treated with 100 micrograms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; i.m.) and 100 micrograms of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH; i.v.) and serum samples were obtained. The BCS of cows at slaughter (8 d after PGF) averaged 3.4, 5.3, and 7.1 (P less than .01) and carcass energy content averaged 243, 432, and 714 Mcal (P less than .01) for thin, moderate, and fat cows, respectively. Wet ovarian (P less than .001) and corpora lutea (P less than .01) weights were heavier for fat cows. Content of LH in the pituitary gland and concentrations of thyroxine (T4) in serum after GnRH/TRH were not influenced by nutrient intake or BCS. However, thin cows had greater concentrations (P less than .05) of LH in serum after GnRH/TRH than did moderate or fat cows. We conclude that nutrient intake and body energy reserves of beef cows influenced ovarian function and LH in serum after treatment with GnRH.     

Aortic stenosis: clinical findings in six cats

Congenital aortic stenosis was diagnosed in six cats. Clinical findings included dyspnoea, systolic murmurs with maximal intensity at the left apex or right sternal border, and cardiomegaly with congestive heart failure. Some clinical features of feline aortic stenosis were similar to those observed in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by angiographic imaging of a discrete, consistent subvalvular obstruction, Doppler-echocardio-graphy, or by necropsy. Although, two of the cats were diagnosed at ages older than usually reported, the overall prognosis for cats with aortic stenosis was poor. Four of the six cats died or were euthanased within one year of the onset of clinical signs.     

Effect of subchondral drilling on repair of partial-thickness cartilage defects of third carpal bones in horses

Arthrotomies of middle carpal joints were done on 13 horses, and a 1-cm partial thickness, round defect was made on the radial facet of both third carpal bones. In one joint, 1-mm diameter 1-cm deep holes were drilled within the defect, and one joint was used as a control. horses were assigned to 2 groups--group 1 (n = 6 horses), 5 drill holes; group 2 (n = 7 horses), 11 drill holes. At 1 and 3 weeks after surgery, differences between joints in synovial fluid total protein values, WBC counts, or results of mucin precipitate tests were not significant (P = 0.005). Physically and radiographically, horses were the same during the 12 initial weeks they were housed in stalls and the 9 weeks they were kept in paddocks. Twenty-one weeks after surgery, horses were euthanatized. Joints with drill holes had a significantly greater area (P less than 0.05) of healthy fibrocartilage new tissue: group 1-33 to 68% new tissue, compared with 0 to 23% new tissue in controls; and group 2-22 to 64% new tissue, compared with 0 to 37% new tissue in controls. Differences between healing of defects with drill holes in groups 1 and 2 were not significant. Thickness of new tissue over drill holes was 33 to 61% of thickness of cartilage adjacent to the defect, and thickness of tissue between drill holes was 11 to 43% (group 1) and 8 to 79% (group 2) of the thickness of cartilage adjacent to the defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of thermal stress and level of feed intake on portal plasma flow and net fluxes of metabolites in lactating Holstein cows

Six Holstein cows (averaging 475 kg body weight, 2.3 parities and 96 d in lactation) fitted with catheters in the hepatic portal vein, mesenteric vein and intercostalis posterior artery were exposed to treatments of thermal comfort environments with libitum or restricted (75% of ad libitum) DM intake and a thermal stress environment with ad libitum intake in two balanced 3 x 3 latin squares to evaluate effects of thermal stress on portal plasma flow and net fluxes of metabolites. Portal plasma flow was measured by administering a primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohippurate into a mesenteric vein and determining its concentration and dilution in portal vein plasma. Thermal stress treatment increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Dry matter intake decreased from thermal comfort ad libitum level (15.1 kg/d) to lower levels in thermal comfort restricted (11.5 kg/d) and thermal stress (11.1 kg/d) treatments. Portal plasma flow was related directly to level of DM intake, declining about 14% with thermal comfort restricted intake and thermal stress environment treatments compared with the thermal comfort restricted intake and thermal stress environment treatments compared with the thermal comfort ad libitum intake treatment. Net flux of alpha-amino N was reduced 20 and 35% by thermal comfort restricted intake and thermal stress treatments compared with the thermal comfort ad libitum intake treatment. Net fluxes of urea N, ammonia N and glucose were not affected by experimental treatments. A portion of the negative effects of thermal stress on milk production can be explained by decreased nutrient intake and decreased nutrient uptake by the portal-drained viscera of the cow.