棉花生产水肥管理及辅助决策体系研究

水分和养分是棉花生产中最重要的两大投入要素.多年来,棉花生产中主要依靠肥水的大量投入来提高产量,不合理的灌水施肥不仅造成水资源和肥料的浪费,还造成农作物品质下降,环境污染加剧等不良影响.为了寻求合理的水肥投入,对施肥制度、灌溉制度和水肥一体化管理技术进行了探讨,并在此基础上初步构建起棉花水肥管理的辅助决策体系,为下一步建立棉花生产水肥管理决策支持系统,服务于棉花生产打下了基础.     

姜黄素提取与精制工艺研究进展

姜黄素属于药食同源并且为国内外允许使用的食品添加剂。本文综合论述并比较分析了姜黄素的提取工艺,常见的提取工艺有醇提法、酸碱提取法、酶法、水杨酸钠法、超临界CO2萃取法等,以醇提法最为常用。姜黄素精制纯化工艺有聚酰胺吸附法、大孔树脂吸附法、活性碳层析法、硅胶柱层析法、乙酸沉淀法、甲醇-水结晶法、正丙醇重结晶法、混合溶剂分离纯化法等。     

我国早熟陆地棉品种遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究早熟陆地棉种质遗传多样性,为北疆早熟陆地棉育种提供理论依据.[方法]基于43个早熟陆地棉品种表型和基因型数据,利用PowerMarker V3.25软件,进行遗传多样性分析.[结果]长江流域环境下,新疆棉区与我国其他棉区育成的品种,在早熟性相关表型性状上差异不显著;西北内陆环境下,二者之间则差异显著.另外,174对具有稳定多态性的SSR引物用于分析43个品种的遗传多样性,共检测到486个等位变异位点,每对引物的等位变异为2～7个.等位基因变异的多态信息含量(PIC)在0.044～0.750 0.分子检测表明:新疆棉区育成的品种遗传基础较狭窄.利用PowerMarker V3.25软件计算的遗传距离进行聚类,43个参试品种以遗传背景、育成单位、地理来源等聚为8类.[结论]与其他棉区品种相比,新疆早熟棉区育成的品种,其早熟性相关性状遗传基础狭窄,表型性状的遗传多样性受环境影响较大.聚类图反映了不同系统品种之间的交叉以及早期和近代早熟陆地棉不同系统之间的融合现象.     

湖龙井茶香气成分的全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析

【目的】香气是评价茶叶品质优劣的最重要因子之一,探明茶叶香气的化学组成可进一步丰富茶叶香气化学理论,为改善和提高茶叶香气品质提供重要的科学理论依据。【方法】采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术（GC×GC-TOFMS）与气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析西湖龙井茶的香气成分,比较两种分析技术在分离性能上的差异性;结合质谱数据库匹配、化合物保留时间、结构谱图及峰面积等对通过GC×GC-TOFMS分离得到的香气成分进行定性及相对定量分析;进而结合相对高含量化合物（≥0.5%）的气味特征分析西湖龙井茶的特征性香气成分。【结果】通过与GC-MS的总离子流图及色谱峰对比,GC×GC-TOFMS在分离性能上显示出了强大的优越性;定性分析及相对定量分析表明,采用GC×GC-TOFMS技术鉴定出西湖龙井茶样品中存在的522种共性香气成分,归为烯醇、烯、胺、烷烃、醛、烯醛、醚、醇、酯、内酯、烯酯、烯酮、酮、酚、酸、含硫化合物、氮杂环化合物、氧杂环化合物、芳香烃及炔等20类化合物,其中芳香烃的数量最多（77个）,烷烃（50个）、烯（43个）、酯（43个）、酮（41个）次之,炔类最少（3个）;戊烯-3-醇、顺-3-己烯醇、芳樟醇、α-松油醇、香叶醇、丁烷、甲基环戊烷、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、十二烷、二十一烷、二十四烷、三十一烷、乙醛、戊醛、己醛、糠醛、庚醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、乙丙醚、2-乙氧基丁烷、乙基丁基醚、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、戊基乙基醚、正戊醇、叔丁醇、苄醇、苯乙醇、植醇、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、酞酸二丁酯、乙基-2-(5-甲基-5-乙烯基四氢呋喃-2-烯)丙基-2-烯碳酸酯、顺-己酸-3-己烯酯、棕榈酸甲酯、乙偶姻、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、异戊酸、壬酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、二甲基亚砜、苯并噻唑、吲哚、咖啡碱、芳樟醇氧化物（吡喃型）、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、乙苯、丙苯及1-甲基萘这50种挥发性化合物的含量较高（≥0.5%）,对西湖龙井茶的香气品质具有重要影响。特征性香气成分分析表明,具有愉悦气味特征的烯醇、醛、醇、酯及芳香烃等化合物是西湖龙井茶优异香气品质的主要化学物质基础,而无特殊气味或散发难闻气息的烷烃、醚类、酸类、硫化物以及部分低阈值的香气化合物对西湖龙井茶香气品质的贡献程度也具有一定的研究价值。【结论】该技术在茶叶香气成分分析上的成功应用,可以弥补一维气相色谱分析上的缺陷,使可分析的香气化合物数量提高5倍以上,为后续深入研究茶叶香气成分的化学组成以及揭示茶叶香气品质的形成机理提供先进的技术支撑。     

松突圆蚧生防菌不同喷施次数及用量对松突圆蚧的防治效果

[目的]探讨松突圆蚧生防菌在林间防治松突圆蚧的最适喷施次数和用量。[方法]2014—2015年在广西玉林市玉州区松突圆蚧疫区,开展了松突圆蚧生防菌不同喷施次数(0斤0次、每年7.50 kg/hm~2喷1次、每2年7.50 kg/hm~2喷1次)与不同喷施量(0、7.50、11.25、15.00 kg/hm~2)对松突圆蚧的防治试验。[结果]每年喷施1次7.50、11.25、15.00 kg/hm~2松突圆蚧病原真菌制成的菌粉均能有效防治松突圆蚧的发生,且它们之间防治效果无显著性差异。[结论]松突圆蚧生防菌粉每年喷施1次,每次7.50 kg/hm~2,即能在松突圆蚧盛发期对其进行有效防治,可在松突圆蚧防治中推广应用。     

基于掩模及亮度校正算法的脐橙表面缺陷分割

【目的】 本研究旨在有效解决果皮有缺陷的水果图像在去除背景时部分缺陷被误分割为背景,以及水果表面缺陷难以有效分割提取的问题。【方法】 以I分量图来构建掩模模板,根据其灰度直方图信息,通过双峰法选择单一阈值（T=75）分以纽荷尔脐橙为研究对象,提出基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景割背景并填充孔洞得到掩模模板I_mask,然后掩模模板I_mask与I分量图通过点乘运算得到去除背景的I分量图;提出基于多尺度高斯函数图像亮度校正算法对去除背景后的I分量图像进行亮度校正,通过构建多尺度高斯函数滤波器,将去除背景后的I分量图与构建的多尺度高斯函数进行卷积运算即得到去除背景后的I分量图像表面光照分量图,最后将去除背景后的I分量图与得到的光照分量图进行点除运算即得到去除背景后的I分量图像亮度校正图;然后采用单一全局阈值法对脐橙表面缺陷进行提取。【结果】 基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景,可在有效去除背景的同时完好保留脐橙的表面信息,有利于后续操作;基于多尺度高斯函数的图像亮度校正算法分别对6种常见脐橙缺陷进行图像亮度校正后采用单阈值法提取缺陷,使不同灰度等级的脐橙表面缺陷一次性分割成功,其中分割率最高为100%,最低为88.5%,整体达92.7%。通过试验分析后发现造成部分误分割或漏分割的原因主要在于部分缺陷果缺陷处颜色较轻,与正常区域灰度差较小,从而造成漏分割;还有部分缺陷果由于缺陷面积小,在图像形态学处理过程被误认为是噪声而被去除;同时发现正常果的误判率也达到了10.8%,经分析发现误判的正常果表皮组织区域的褶皱位于图像的边缘区域,从而被误认为是边缘区域的缺陷,导致误判。【结论】 基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景及基于多尺度高斯函数的图像亮度不均校正算法对纽荷尔脐橙图像背景分割和去除背景后的I分量图像表面亮度校正均取得了较好的效果,能有效识别脐橙缺陷区域,为脐橙精确分级提供了技术支持,也为其他果品表面缺陷快速检测提供了一种新思路。     

建立和完善生态补偿制度的工作目标及措施

针对全省开展森林生态效益补偿基金制度实施工作实际,概述了生态补偿实施任务和工作目标,提出开展好这项工作的具体措施。     

Improvement of Appearance Traits of elite Rice Zhenshan 97B by Molecular Introgression of Targeted about 800 kb Interval from Indica Rice Jiafuzhan Genome

Rice appearance trait is mainly mean grain length (GL), grain width (GW), ratio of length and width (L/W), chalkiness (CH) and transparence (TR). Appearance is the first impression, and rice appearance traits effect significantly the value of commodity. Hybrid rice is relatively low quality, especially on rice appearance quality,which restricts partially its extend and badly export of hybrid seed and rice in China.Shanyou 63, the most famous hybrid rice combination of China, could not be also sustainable application because of its poor qualities. In this studies, We attempt to improve appearance quality of the elite rice maintainer of Zhenshan 97B by using molecular approach of genomic interval targeted introgression. Three F2 populations were constructed to study the classical and molecular genetic of rice appearance traits, at the same time, molecular marker-asisted toimprove the main maintainer line, Zhenshan 97B were performed. There some following results:Three F2 populations were constructed based on crosses of Guangluai 4×Jiafuzhan (GJ popu.), Minghui 86×Jiafuzhan (MJ popu.) and Zhenshan 97B×Jiafuzhan (ZJ popu.). ZJ popu and GJ popu were produced to reconstruct the linkage maps related with rice appearance traits based on BSA, and detect QTL of target traits based on IM.In ZJ popu, 9 QTLs of target traits were detected. The interval, RM169～RM516 on Chromosome 5, was genetic locus of GW, L/W, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 10.9%, 14.9%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively.RM214 on chromosome 7, RM339 on chromosome 8 were genetic loci if CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.4%, 10.0%, 11.0% and 12.1%. besides there is a genetic locus, RM347, of G/W on chromosome 3, and the explained varance was 10.3%. In GJ popu, 5 QTLs of rice appearance traits were detected. The interval, RM169-RM516 on Chromosome 5, were also the genetic loci of GW, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. RM264～RM80 on chromosome 8 was the genetic loci of GW amd L/W,and the explained variances were 14.7% and 13.4%. The genotypes of all QTLs, except RM214, from Jiafuzhan contributed to improving riee appearance traits.The research was to improve the rice appearance quality of Zhenshan 97B by introgressing QTLs of rice appearance traits from Jiafuzhan, a donor parent, by means of MAS in the process of recurrent backcrossing, 4 SSR markers were used to detect the target genotypes from donor parent, and 70 SSR primers to identify the genetic background of recurrent parent. Consequently, there were 19 target individuals in BC3, in which the mean value of GL, GW, L/W, CH and BW were 6.06±0.04mm, 2.50±0.02mm, 2.43±0.02, 29.5±2.7 and 29.4±2.7%, respectively,and the mean homologous degree (HD) to recurrent parent is up to 98.22%. Compared to Zhenshan 97B, GL, CH and BW decreased 0.17 mm, 34.9% and 34.5% respectively and however L/W increased 0.19. which accounted separately for 25.37%, 54.79%, 54.57% and 10.50% of thedifference of every trait between two parents. It is very luckly to find a individual, 13BC2-3BC3 line, whose GL, GW, G/W, CH and BW were 6.04 mm, 2.43 mm, 2.49,2.5% and 2.5% separately, There is very important signification for it to be used in hybrid rice breeding improving appearance traits. In the research, MAS efficiency of 3 loci (with 4 markers ) was 5.68% and coincident degree was 73.08%.     

A Simple and Reliable Assay for Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences in Plants Using Optical Thin-film Biosensor Chips

Here we report the adaptation and optimization of an efficient, accurate and inexpensive assay that employs custom-designed silicon-based optical thin-film biosensor chips to detect unique transgenes in genetically modified （GM） crops and SN-P markers in model plant genomes. Briefly, aldehyde-attached sequence-specific singlestranded oligonucleotide probes are arrayed and covalently attached to a hydrazine-derivatized biosensor chip surface. Unique DNA sequences （or genes） are detected by hybridizing biotinylated PCR amplicons of the DNA sequences to probes on the chip surface. In the SN-P assay, target sequences （PCR amplicons） are hybridized in the presence of a mixture of biotinylated detector probes and a thermostable DNA ligase. Only perfect matches between the probe and target sequences, but not those with even a single nucleotide mismatch, can be covalently fixed on the chip surface. In both cases, the presence of specific target sequences is siL, nified by a color change on the chip surface （gold to blue/purple） after brief incubation with an anti-biotin IgG horseradish peroxidase （HRP） to generate a precipitable product from an HRP substrate.     

广西青贮玉米生产的优势、问题及建议

发展青贮玉米对畜牧业发展具有积极的作用。通过实地调研和查阅有关资料发现,广西青贮玉米生产具有政策层面、生态环境、市场需求、优质饲料缺口大、效率高、品质好等方面的优势,但广西青贮玉米生产也存在缺乏优质专用型青贮玉米品种、技术落后、生产及收获加工机械化程度低和效率低等问题。广西要立足资源优势,用好用足各类支持和鼓励政策,制定适宜本地青贮玉米发展的具体措施,积极开展青贮玉米优质专用型新品种的选育和审定等科研联合攻关,推广应用青贮玉米新品种,强化青贮玉米种植生产的技术培训和展示观摩,提高青贮玉米生产的规模化和机械化水平,大力发展青贮玉米,促进畜牧业健康发展。