紫茎泽兰入侵对林分土壤可萌发种子库特征及生物多样性的影响

为了探讨不同程度紫茎泽兰入侵对林地土壤可萌发种子库特征及生物多样性的影响,选择6种不同类型的林地开展了相关研究。采用野外调查植被类型及土壤萌发法进行研究,结果表明:紫茎泽兰的入侵提高了地表物种丰富度,所有样地中共含有31种植物,隶属21个科。各样地中可萌发植物种子量为1 959~37 218粒·m-2,并且主要分布在0~5 cm的土层中,紫茎泽兰的种子量占总量的65.1%,其数量可高达19 833粒·m-2。土壤种子的萌发高峰期主要在前20~40 d,并且双子叶植物居多,占萌发数量的83.3%以上。土壤种子库的物种多样性并不高,与地被植物的相似性较低,无紫茎泽兰入侵的林地也能检测到紫茎泽兰的种子。试验研究表明,紫茎泽兰具有长久性土壤种子库,其种子的数量在土壤种子库中处于绝对优势。     

电针迎香穴对嗅觉功能障碍大鼠胰岛素样生长因子-1的影响

目的 探讨电针迎香穴对嗅觉功能障碍大鼠胰岛素样生长因子-1（insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1）的影响。方法 将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组,分别是正常组、嗅觉功能障碍组、嗅觉功能障碍+眶下神经切断组、嗅觉功能障碍+电针组、嗅觉功能障碍+眶下神经切断+电针组,电针干预迎香穴后,运用嗅觉迷宫实验和对大鼠嗅球组织及血液中IGF-1进行ELISA、免疫组织化学等方法进行分析研究。结果 嗅觉功能障碍+电针组大鼠与正常组相比,其嗅觉功能明显改善（P<0.01）,其嗅球组织及血液中IGF-1表达明显升高（P<0.05）,而嗅觉功能障碍+眶下神经切断+电针组大鼠与正常组相比,其嗅觉功能和嗅球组织及血液中IGF-1表达无明显改善（P>0.05）。结论 电针迎香穴对嗅觉功能障碍模型大鼠具有显著干预效应,其作用机制可能是通过三叉神经通路,促进大鼠体内IGF-1的产生,从而有利于嗅觉系统嗅感神经元（ORN）再生,改善嗅觉功能障碍。     

绿鳍马面鲀烂嘴症致病菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为确定绿鳍马面鲀烂嘴症的致病菌及筛选敏感药物,通过平皿划线法将患病组织内的细菌进行分离纯化,得到1株优势菌,命名为QZG3。该菌株在硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂(TCBS)弧菌选择性培养基上为绿色、圆形、黏稠状菌落,经革兰氏染色判断为革兰氏阴性菌;对该菌株的16S rRNA基因进行测序、鉴定,并经系统进化树分析,发现该菌株与阿尔法克弧菌(Vibrio alfacsensis)聚为1支,因此判断该菌株为阿尔法克弧菌。人工回感试验表明,该菌株为绿鳍马面鲀烂嘴症的致病菌;药敏试验结果显示,该菌株仅对氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星两种抗生素高度敏感,对土霉素、青霉素、头孢氨苄、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、四环素以及红霉素均表现出耐药性。因此建议养殖生产上选用氟苯尼考和恩诺沙星进行药物防治。     

鳙在不同保藏温度下的鲜度变化

为了阐明不同保藏温度对淡水鱼类鲜度变化的影响,采用K值、TVB-N、细菌总数和感官检定等 4种鲜度指标,对鳙在 20℃～-3℃范围的 5种不同温度贮藏中的鲜度变化进行比较系统的测定和考察。结果表明:(1)鳙的鲜度变化。在20℃和10℃常温下速度很快,保鲜期从数小时到4天;在 0℃前后的3种低温下速度变慢,保鲜期最长的可达 11天。(2)4种鲜度指标中,以感官的一、二、三级为基准,K 值的一、二级鲜度大体高于或等于感官的一、二级;而 TVB-N 一、二级鲜度(也包括细菌总数)则大体相当于或低于感官二、三级,显示了K值作为代表鱼体死后早期高鲜度等级的特征。(3)计算K 值变化速度常数 k_f 值表明 20℃的 K值变化速度较 10℃高6.3倍,而10℃较0℃仅高3.9倍,显示保持接近 0℃的低温,能明显抑制K值的变化,保持较好的鲜度。文中并指出了在5℃以下的低温范围,由于TVB-N 的数量水平偏低,似不适于作为鳙一类淡水鱼鳞度指标,认为在我国采用 K 值鲜度指标更适合淡水鱼高鲜度质量标准的要求。     

西庄斜发沸石对NH^＋4的吸附性能研究

对潍坊西庄斜发沸石对NH_4~+的吸附性能,改型和再生方法进行了研究。并与浙江斜发沸石进行了比较。随海水盐度的增高,NH_4~+的去除率降低。不经改型的沸石,对盐度为28.2的海水中5mg/L NH_4~+,5h后的去除率为30％;对淡水,去除率为100％。在室内水泥池和室外大规模生产应用试验表明,在静止的水体中采用自然沉降法去除NH_4~+,去除率可达24.4％～70.0％,从而,提高了对虾的成活率和生长速度。     

小蠹虫与真菌共生关系的研究进展

从小蠹虫与真菌共生的类型、小蠹虫贮菌器结构、小蠹虫与真菌共生机制和协同进化等方面对小蠹虫与真菌关系的研究进展进行了评述,并讨论了小蠹虫与真菌关系的发展趋势.     

Dietary supplements of guanosine improve the growth,non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka,and its resistance against Vibrio splendidus

The growth response, non‐specific immune activities and disease resistance were measured in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka (initial average weight 6.80 ± 0.10 g), when fed diets supplemented with graded levels of guanosine from the guanosine‐5’‐monophosphate disodium (GMP) at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg for 8 weeks. The results showed that GMP supplemented at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg significantly enhanced the growth of sea cucumber. Sea cucumber fed a diet with 0.6 g/kg of GMP had significantly higher intracellular superoxide anion production, nitric oxide synthase activity, lysozyme activity and the total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity than those in control group (p < .05). Increased lysozyme activity and T‐SOD activity were also found in sea cucumber fed GMP at 1.2 g/kg. Moreover, there was significantly lower cumulative mortality after the disease challenge in sea cucumber fed the diets with 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP than that in control and 0.3 g/kg GMP groups (p < .05), and no significant difference was observed between 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP groups. These results suggested that feeding GMP at a dose of 0.6 g/kg could enhance growth, non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber as well as its resistance against Vibrio splendidus.     

Dietary nucleotide‐rich yeast supplementation improves growth,innate immunity and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide (NT)‐rich yeast supplementation on growth, innate immunity and intestinal morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 g/kg of NT‐rich yeast, respectively. A total of 480 shrimp with an average initial body weight of 1.86 ± 0.02 g were randomly allocated into four groups, with four replicates per group and 30 shrimp each replicate. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast had significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the control diet, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplemental diet. However, there was no significant difference in survival among all treatments. The crude protein of whole shrimp in the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group was higher than that in the control group. Total protein, triglyceride concentrations, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were significantly influenced by the dietary NT‐rich yeast supplementation. The activities of serum phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) of shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast were higher than those in shrimp fed the other diets. Relative expressions of alp and lzm significantly upregulated in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group compared to the control group. The intestinal fold height and fold width in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group were significantly higher than those fed the control diet; and the highest microvillus height occurred in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast diet. In summary, dietary 30–50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplementation promotes growth performance, enhances innate immunity and improves intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

粗毛纤孔菌产胞外黑色素发酵条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

为提高天然黑色素的产量,本研究通过探索碳氮源、转速、pH、温度等单因素对粗毛纤孔菌产黑色素的影响,并利用正交试验筛选产胞外黑色素的最适发酵培养基配方和发酵条件。结果表明,优化后的最佳发酵培养基配方为甘露醇20 g·L^-1、牛肉浸膏5 g·L^-1、碳氮比4∶1、维生素B₁ 10 mg·L^-1,最适发酵条件为发酵温度25℃、发酵初始pH值6、转速180 r·min^-1、发酵时间10 d。在此培养条件下,粗毛纤孔菌胞外黑色素(IHEM)含量高达3.29 g·L^-1,较优化前提高了17.32倍。IHEM体外化学抗氧化活性检测结果显示,IHEM具有良好的抗氧化活性,其对ABTS自由基的清除效果较佳,半最大效应浓度(EC₅₀)为0.019 mg·mL^-1。本研究结果为深层发酵高产黑色素的开发提供了技术支持。     

翅碱蓬生态化学计量内稳性对模拟氮磷沉降的响应

生物有机体元素组成内稳性是生态化学计量学核心概念之一,研究植物N、P生态化学计量内稳性及N、P分配可以明确其生态策略和适应性、竞争性。采用室内盆栽方法,研究了翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)N、P内稳性与生长对模拟N、P沉降增加的响应。结果表明,N沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬吸收积累N表现为"绝对"的生态化学计量内稳性;P沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬吸收积累P呈现一定的生态化学内稳性,调节系数HP为0.754,HN∶P为0.792。N沉降增加促进了翅碱蓬积累P,翅碱蓬生长可能受N限制。N、P沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬株重、P吸收积累量与株高间均表现为异速生长。N沉降增加,翅碱蓬株重生长比株高快,P积累相对减慢。P沉降增加,翅碱蓬株高生长比株重快,P积累也相对更快。