Degradation and kinetic modeling of polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solutions by a H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Mn(II) system

This paper is about the degradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in aqueous solutions using a H2O2/Mn(II) system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were applied to analyze the degradation products of PVA, and the results revealed that the backbone chain of PVA could be effectively broken and oxidized. Several unsaturated degradation products, including carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, olefins, and alkynes were also detected and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which indicated that higher treatment temperatures would considerably promote the generation of lower molecular weight degradation products. According to the work presented in this paper, the degradation efficiency of PVA increased from 55 % at 60 oC to 99 % at 90 oC after treatment when the initial PVA concentration was 5 %, at pH=3 with a H2O2 and Mn(II) dose of 100 ml/l and 0.6 mol/l, respectively. In addition, kinetic modeling indicated that the experimental results were best fitted by the Page-modified model with an activation energy of 48.78 kJ/mol.     

广州市帽峰山森林公园空气环境质量初报

本文对广州市帽峰山森林公园中的旅游气候指标——温湿指数和风效指数、空气离子浓度含量和空气洁净度等空气质量因子进行了测定,并运用有关方法进行评价。结果表明,该森林公园的旅游气候资源适合全年休闲、旅游;空气负离子含量高,有益于人体健康;空气环境质量达到国家A级,这为广州市森林生态网络建设和旅游资源开发利用奠定科学、翔实的基础数据。       

CHA杂种小麦籽粒品质性状的杂种优势

利用化学杂交剂 (CHA)GENESIS配制了 11个小麦杂交种 ,研究了CHA杂交种籽粒品质性状的杂种优势。结果表明 :CHA杂交种在蛋白质含量、湿 (干 )面筋含量方面表现出较强的正向杂种优势和超亲优势 ;而沉淀值和降落值的平均杂种优势和超亲杂种优势较小 ,但通过合理选配亲本 ,利用杂种优势改善小麦的烘烤品质和加工品质仍有可能。     

油茶果脱壳清选机的研制与试验

为了找到一种油茶果脱壳及壳、籽分离的最佳方法,该文研究了油茶果的生物特性,并据此特性采用撞击、挤压和揉搓原理研发了油茶果脱壳清选机。该机采用呈一定扭角和锥角、回转半径不同的脱壳杆,在滚筒里形成一锲形脱壳室进行脱壳,适应大小不同的油茶果。利用果壳和茶籽粒的外形差异,设计了一组弧形齿光辊对辊清选机构,并进行了脱壳清选试验。试验结果表明,对于含水率较高、未开裂及开裂的油茶果,在脱壳杆转速350～400r/min,脱壳杆锥角3°,齿光辊间隙1.0～1.5mm,筛孔直径24mm的工艺条件下,处理量达1000kg/h,脱净率≥99%、清选率≥95%,碎籽率≤3%、损耗率≤2%。试验表明整机构思巧妙、工作稳定可靠,可以投入生产应用。     

抗咯菌腈禾谷镰刀菌的紫外诱导及其生物学特性

为评估玉米茎腐病病原菌禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)对咯菌腈的室内抗药性风险,本研究通过室内紫外照射获得抗咯菌腈突变体,分析抗性突变体对咯菌腈的抗药性、遗传稳定性和生物学特性,及其对咯菌腈、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯的交互抗性。结果表明,经紫外照射5min,获得17株抗咯菌腈突变体,其对咯菌腈的EC50为72.78~290.09μg/mL,是亲本菌株的4 000~17 000倍;抗性突变频率为1.7×10-6,可稳定遗传;最适生长温度均为25℃,最适pH均为8,与亲本菌株相同;菌落生长速度低于亲本菌株;在含有0.9mmol/L NaCl的PDA培养基中培养的菌落形态与不含NaCl的PDA培养基中的相比,亲本菌株和4号抗性菌株色素沉积减少,而1号和16号抗性菌株色素沉积增加。推测禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈存在中等或高等的室内抗药性风险。室内抗药性测定表明抗性突变体对咯菌腈和苯醚甲环唑均产生了抗性。     

人工合成小麦新种质抗条锈性鉴定与Yr18基因检测

对97份来自CIMMYT的人工合成小麦新种质进行了主要农艺性状考察、Yr18分子检测和成株期田间抗锈性接种鉴定。结果表明:参鉴种质间主要农艺性状变异程度较大,尤其千粒重普遍偏高,有30份材料千粒重达50 g以上、占30.9%;利用csLV34标记检测到合成20和合成43携带Yr18,占2.1%;鉴选出成株期呈抗性反应的材料30份、占30.9%,高度慢条锈材料19份、占19.6%,其中合成2、5、14、60、75、76、78、82、83、84计10个合成种同时表现高抗和高度慢锈。这些大粒、抗条锈或慢条锈合成小麦种质的鉴定筛选,为选育小麦新品种提供了优异资源。     

设施栽培中限根对油桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量、叶干重变化的影响

研究了设施栽培中限根对沪油018幼树叶片叶绿素含量、叶片干重的变化特点。结果表明:(1)限根幼树在秋季枝条停长后,不同限根处理第1～8叶位叶片叶绿素含量均表现为“升—降—升”;相同叶位处理TR2各个叶位单位叶面积叶绿素含量均低于CK和TR1,CK仅在第1、8叶位较TR1高,而其它叶位均低于TR1。(2)测定盛花后19～262d树冠外围枝中部完全展开功能叶的叶绿素变化动态,结果不同限根处理Chla、总叶绿素含量与Chl(a/b)的变化均表现“降—升—降”的变化规律。限根对Chlb的季节变化进程的影响差异明显。(3)不同限根处理下比叶重的季节变化差异明显,但总的呈上升趋势。叶片干重含水量%的季节变化总的呈下降趋势,不同限根处理间的变化动态差异明显。     

娃娃菜不同轮作模式下根际土壤微生物群落多样性特征

为探明不同作物与娃娃菜轮作后的效果,在宁夏南部山区进行定位试验,采用高通量测序技术,结合土壤理化性质及酶活性,比较分析了娃娃菜-西兰花(CMB)、娃娃菜-大葱(CMG)、娃娃菜-洋葱(CMO)、娃娃菜-土豆(CMP)和以娃娃菜连作(CCC)为对照的5个处理的微生物多样性,旨在筛选出适宜与娃娃菜轮作的作物,为从栽培模式选择角度缓解或避免娃娃菜连作障碍提供理论依据。试验结果表明：与连作相比,轮作马铃薯土壤硝态氮含量最高为12.8 mg·kg^-1,轮作大葱土壤速效磷含量最高为75.74 mg·kg^-1,但不同轮作模式下速效钾和有机质含量有所下降。轮作马铃薯土壤的碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与轮作洋葱土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶显著低于娃娃菜连作和轮作其他作物。细菌丰度在属水平上的结果表明轮作导致大部分有益细菌属丰度升高,如贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)等,有害菌及其他部分未分类功能作用菌属丰度降低,如伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaceae)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium...     

黄河流域机采棉植株性状的筛选

为筛选适合黄河流域棉区机采的品种,对16份棉花材料的果枝始节高度、株高、产量构成因素、纤维品质指标进行系统调查、分析与研究。结果表明:适合进一步培育机采品种的材料为590032、中棉所49。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.