"北繁南育"发展现代畜牧业

从黑龙江的黑河至云南的腾冲是我国人口地理线,这条线的北方是我国以畜牧业为主的地区,近年来由于超载过牧和气候干旱,该地区的草地“三化”面积不断扩大,造成生态环境恶化、单位畜产品产量下降,影响了广大牧民的增收;而人口地理线的南方饲料资源丰富,每年数以亿吨秸秆资源有待于充分利用,而且秋冬季节气温适宜,有利于牛羊育肥。为此,充分利用北方繁殖母畜基数大的优势和夏季水草充足的优势生产架子牛、羊,秋冬季节充分利用南方气候、饲料、秸秆和劳动力的优势进行架子牛、羊的短期育肥,生产符合国际市场需要的优质、绿色肉食品。通过“北繁南育”,可有效解决我国北方生态环境恶化、畜产品质量下降、农牧民增收难的状况,加速我国传统草原畜牧业向现代草原畜牧业迈进的步伐。     

婴儿奶粉中乳铁蛋白的检测方法的研究

应用酶联免疫法测定婴儿配方奶粉中乳铁蛋白的含量。检测的线性范围为7．8—500ng／mL。     

耐高温植酸酶用于颗粒饲料对肉鸡生产性能及钙、磷利用率的影响

试验旨在研究肉仔鸡低磷日粮颗粒饲料中添加耐高温植酸酶对肉鸡生产性能及钙、磷利用率的影响。选取1日龄AA+肉仔鸡,随机分为6个处理,分别饲喂处理1(正对照,正常磷水平)、处理2(负对照,低于正常磷水平)、处理3(负对照+500U植酸酶)、处理4(高磷替代+500U植酸酶)、处理5(负对照+1000U植酸酶)和处理6(高磷替代+1000U植酸酶)试验日粮。试验结果表明:在制粒饲料中添加耐高温植酸酶是可行的。在相同有效磷水平下,随着植酸酶添加水平的提高,出栏体重有增加的趋势;在相同植酸酶添加量的条件下,随着有效磷替代水平的提高,出栏体重有降低的趋势。添加植酸酶有增加胫骨灰分和磷含量的趋势。在正常替代水平下,植酸酶的添加量以500～1000U/kg为宜。在本试验条件下,日粮添加500～1000U/kg植酸酶的情况下,进行磷酸氢钙的高水平替代也是可行的。     

蜜蜂全脑解剖新方法的研究

蜜蜂是研究社会行为的模式生物,其复杂的学习记忆导航能力和相对简单的脑结构为脑科学研究提供良好模型。蜜蜂脑可用于神经科学、分子科学、行为科学等研究,但由于蜜蜂脑小且柔软,而且被几丁质包裹、被腺体缠绕,导致蜜蜂全脑解剖不是初学者所能轻易掌握的。我们经过不断摸索,建立了一种蜜蜂全脑解剖的新方法,通过切开头部边缘的几丁质,用镊子夹住头部反面的几丁质并旋转,然后除去正面几丁质等步骤,在短时间内就能获得完整的蜜蜂全脑。该方法将为蜜蜂脑科学研究提供有力技术支撑。     

Preliminary evaluation of growth and conformation traits of local goats and Nubians upgraded by a black Boer line in Taiwan

The goal of this research, conducted in the most southern part of Taiwan, was to create a new genotype: the "Hengchun Black Goat" (HB). Nubian (NU) goats were first crossed with a local breed, the Taiwan native (TN), then the F1 females were crossed with the imported black Boer (BO) bucks. The upgraded genotypes were then compared with the parental breeds and Kinmen (KM), another local breed, for growth traits and body conformation. The study concerned 1,136 kids born between 2005 and 2007. The analysed traits were body weight (BW), average daily gain and three linear measurements, namely height at withers, body length and chest girth. The results indicated that environmental factors, sex, birth and rearing type, dam parity and birth year had significant effects from birth to 6 months of age. The same differences persisted to 1 year. At 6 months of age, the least square means of BW were 16.2, 19.2, 25.1, 32.0, 23.9, 23.8, 23.0 and 23.9 kg, for KM, TN, NU, 1/2BO, 3/4BO, 7/8BO, BO and HB, respectively. These first results also indicate that the growth performances of the newly created line, Hengchun Black, were equivalent to those of Boer goats.     

鸡蛋壳蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

【目的】分析不同环境下鸡蛋外壳携带蜡样芽孢杆菌的情况和分离菌株的基本特征。【方法】从养殖场和超市各采集9种新鲜鸡蛋,对鸡蛋表面携带的蜡样芽孢杆菌进行分离鉴定、基因分型、毒力基因筛查和耐药性分析。采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)技术对分离菌株进行初步鉴定,全基因组测序后进行菌种鉴定并确定基因分型、筛选毒力基因和耐药基因,同时采用微量肉汤稀释法测定分离株对头孢曲松、红霉素、万古霉素等12种抗菌药物的耐药性。【结果】经MALDI-TOF MS初步鉴定和基因组菌种鉴定,确定从养殖场3种未经清洁加工的鲜蛋中分离出的6个菌株为蜡样芽孢杆菌,其序列分型(ST)较为多样,其中有2株新的ST型。在毒力基因筛查方面,6株蜡样芽孢杆菌均检出了非溶血型肠毒素nheB基因、腹泻型毒力因子hlyⅡ基因和侵袭免疫系统的inhA基因;nheA和nheC基因携带率为83.3%,编码溶血型肠毒素HBL的hblA、hblC和hblD基因携带率均为66.7%;cytK和hlyⅢ基因携带率分别为33.3%和50.0%;肠毒素基因BceT、entFM和致吐毒素基因ces均未检出。耐药性方面,6株菌...     

Argo数据库的构建与渔业分析应用

遥感数据在渔业分析中应用广泛,但它只能提供海洋表层参考信息,远洋捕捞常常需要次表层环境信息辅助渔场预测。Argo剖面数据提供了从表层到2 000 m以浅的数据,利用Argo数据建立的次表层海况数据库可以为渔业分析提供更多的参考信息。从GDacs服务器自动定时下载数据并更新数据库,利用Akima插值方法处理垂直剖面数据,通过分析温度和盐度的变化情况计算出温跃层和盐跃层,以及其深度、厚度、强度等信息,利用反距离权重插值法绘制海洋次表层环境信息图,结合渔业信息数据可以很好地应用于渔业分析。研究亮点:多数金枪鱼类生活在海洋表层至100 m,温跃层限制了鱼类的上下移动。文章研究了Argo数据自动化处理,使用AKIMA、IDW插值生成温跃层上(下)界温度、盐度、深度、强度;根据温跃层深度选择用于辅助分析的水层;分析渔获量分布、变化等与海洋次表层环境特点的关系。     

Evidence for a relationship between bovine erythrocyte lipid membrane peculiarities and immune pressure from ruminal ciliates

Erythrocytes of bovines and other ruminants have a strikingly anomalous phospholipid composition, with low or absent phosphatidylcholine (PC) together with high sphingomyelin (SM) content. Here, we report the presence in normal bovine serum of high levels of anti-phospholipid antibodies of IgM isotype against, PC and the phosphono analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine, aminoethylphosphonolipid (AEPL), normally produced by rumen ciliates. In contrast, no antibodies were detected against SM or N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), the major components of bovine erythrocytes. In addition, we found that exposure of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila to bovine serum results in rapid lysis, an effect that was inhibited by adsorption of the serum with SM/AEPL liposomes. Furthermore, incubation with bovine serum had a similar effect on freshly obtained ruminal ciliates, and the lytic activity was eliminated by pre-adsorption of the serum with SM/PE liposomes. The ruminant mode of life with its concomitant ciliate fauna is hereby linked to the peculiar conformation of bovine erythrocyte membranes. We propose that the unique phospholipid composition of bovine erythrocytes appears as an evolutionary adaptation to tolerate the lytic effects of anti-phospholipid antibodies generated against AEPL, a membrane component of the huge mass of ruminal ciliates, necessary commensals of this group of mammals.     

奶牛附红细胞体和伊氏锥虫二重PCR诊断方法的建立

为建立奶牛附红细胞体和伊氏锥虫两种病原诊断方法并探索二者之间在奶牛感染中的关系,本研究针对两病原分别设计两对特异性引物,建立了奶牛附红细胞体和伊氏锥虫感染的二重PCR诊断方法,其扩增片段大小分别为415bp和237bp。敏感性试验和特异性试验表明,附红细胞体和伊氏锥虫的DNA的最低检测量为0.154pg和0.105pg;与猪肺炎支原体、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、鸡艾美耳球虫、牛双芽巴贝斯虫无交叉反应。35份临床血样检测结果为:奶牛附红细胞体阳性率22.89%,伊氏锥虫阳性率8.89%,其中共感染率为2.89%。临床试验表明,该方法可用于奶牛附红细胞体和伊氏锥虫的诊断,特别适用于早期诊断。