Effects of dietary spray-dried egg on growth performance and health of weaned pigs

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutrient contributions and physiological health benefits of spray-dried egg (SDE) containing only unfertilized eggs as a protein source in nursery pig diets. In all experiments, all diets were formulated to the same ME and Lys content, and each pen within a block (by BW) housed the same number of barrows and gilts. In Exp. 1 and 2 (168 and 140 pigs, respectively; 5 kg BW; 16 d old; 14 replicates/experiment), conducted at a university farm, treatments were with or without 5% SDE in a nursery control diet, which included antibiotics and zinc oxide. Pigs were fed for 10 d after weaning to measure ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The SDE increased (P < 0.05) ADG (Exp. 1: 243 vs. 204 g/d; Exp. 2: 204 vs. 181 g/d) and ADFI (Exp. 1: 236 vs. 204 g/d; Exp. 2: 263 vs. 253 g/d) compared with the control diet but did not affect G:F. In Exp. 3 (1,008 pigs; 5.2 kg BW; 20 d old; 12 replicates/treatment), conducted at a commercial farm, treatments were in a factorial arrangement of with or without SDE and high or low spray-dried plasma (SDP) in nursery diets, which included antibiotics and zinc oxide. Pigs were fed for 6 wk using a 4-phase feeding program (phases of 1, 1, 2, and 2 wk, respectively) with declining diet complexity to measure ADG, ADFI, G:F, removal rate (mortality plus morbidity), and frequency of medical treatments per pen and day (MED). The diets with the SDE increased (P < 0.05) ADFI during phase 1 only (180 vs. 164 g/d) compared with the diets without the SDE but did not affect growth performance during any other phases. The diets with SDE reduced MED during phase 1 (0.75% vs. 1.35%; P < 0.05) and the overall period (0.84% vs. 1.01%; P = 0.062) compared with the diets without the SDE but did not affect removal rate. In Exp. 4 (160 pigs; 6.7 kg BW; 21 d old; 10 replicates/treatment), conducted at a university farm to determine whether SDE can replace SDP, treatments were in a factorial arrangement of with or without SDP or SDE in nursery diets, which excluded antibiotics and zinc oxide. Pigs were fed for 6 wk using the same schedule used in Exp. 3 to measure ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The diets with SDE increased (P < 0.05) ADFI during phase 1 only (195 vs. 161 g/d) compared with the diets without SDE but did not affect growth performance during any other periods. In conclusion, SDE can be an efficacious protein and energy source in nursery pig diets and improves health and, in some instances, increases growth rate.     

祁连山水源林生态系统结构与功能的研究

在祁连山水源涵养林区,围绕水源林生态系统结构与功能的动态变化,开展了森林小气候、森林水文生态效应的研究。结果表明,祁连山水源涵养林不仅具有拦蓄降水、缩小温差、保持较高土壤湿度等作用,而且具有十分显著的消洪补枯、涵养水源、保持水土的水文生态作用。森林覆被率６５％的流域比３２％的流域年枯水径流量增加２８８７ｍｍ,年洪水径流量减少９８８７ｍｍ;森林土壤贮水２９８１２～３９１９３ｍｍ,草地仅１８２０９ｍｍ;林地很少产生地表径流,草地年土壤流失量１７９３９ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２;高寒山区多年冻土与季冻土致使试验区河川径流系数高达０７３,蒸散较小为１５６５４ｍｍ;多年监测资料显示祁连山林分质量下降,冰川退缩,河川径流逐年减少,生态环境明显恶化,建议各级政府部门高度重视祁连山生态保护问题。     

Amino Acid Composition of Developing Larval Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract.— Amino acid profiles of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were determined during early larval stages (I-IX) to provide some baseline biochemical information of the growing larvae. The larvae obtained from several females were stocked into three 250-L tanks at a density of 30 larvae/L. The feeding regime consisted of newly hatched Artemia nauplii and egg custard containing 5% cod liver oil. For each developmental stage, larval samples from each experimental tank were pooled, freeze dried and after acid hydrolysis, the quantification of amino acids was done by a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography ( N = 2). The highest represented of the total amino acids were for glutamic acid and phenylalanine (with cystine) with ranges from 13.4–16.6 and 9.7–11.5%, respectively, whereas tryptophan (1.4–1.6%). methionine (1.4–2.7%) and histidine (2.9–4.2%) were relatively lower. The levels of the following essential amino acids did not significantly change during larval development: arginine, leucine, phenylalanine (plus cystine), threonine, tryptophan and valine. Despite statistically significant changes that were observed in levels of some amino acids, amino acid composition appeared to be relatively unchanged during the larval growth. The results may suggest that the amino acid requirements of the freshwater prawn is relatively constant during larval life and can be satistied by a suitable protein source that resembles the larval amino acid profile.     

Characterization of a Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from Snakehead,Channa striatus,Stomach

This study sought to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from stomach of adult snakehead fish, Channa striatus, to be used as probiotics for freshwater fish. A total of 13 strains were isolated from the stomach of 10 fish, and 4 of these belonged to LAB. Strain LAB‐3 showing highest in vitro growth inhibition of Aeromonas hydrophila in a disk diffusion test was identified as Lactobacillus fermentum by conventional and molecular techniques and evaluated in vitro through various tests. The bacterium could grow at pH 3–8; but the optimum growth was observed at pH 6. Moreover, LAB‐3 grew at 0.15 and 0.3% bile salt concentrations, from 15 to 45 C, and at 4% NaCl. L. fermentum showed in vitro inhibitory activity against three fish pathogens, A. hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shewanella putrefaciens, tested by disk diffusion and well diffusion methods. Antibiotic sensitivity tests indicated that L. fermentum was resistant to streptomycin, gentamycin, and kanamycin, intermediate to tetracycline, but sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. Challenge test by using A. hydrophila showed that survival of snakehead was significantly (P < 0.05) improved when 2 × 10⁶ LAB‐3/g was supplemented to the diet. Therefore, this study suggests that L. fermentum might be a promising probiotic in snakehead aquaculture .     

基于分形分布的股票期权VaR计算

本文提出一种运用分形分布计算股票期权VaR的方法.首先对股票价格行为进行了理论总结和实证分析,表明采用分形分布来拟合股票的对数收益率是合理的,然后在此基础上推导股票期权VaR的计算公式,最后给出若干算例.     

大豆根际溶磷真菌的筛选、复配及包埋固定化回用效果

为获得具高效溶磷能力的溶磷真菌,本研究从大豆根际土壤中分离筛选出5株具有溶解Ca3(PO4)2、AlPO4、FePO4及磷矿粉能力的高效菌株,分别命名为Z2、Z3、Z8、T4和Y2,分析了其对不同磷源的溶解能力,复配了最优溶磷组合同时评价了最优组合固定化回用的效果。结果表明:菌株Z2为黄色蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus),Z3为绳状篮状菌(Talaromyces funiculosus),Z8为黑曲霉(Aspergilus niger),T4为嗜松蓝状菌(Talaromyces pinophilus),Y2为糙刺蓝状菌(Talaromyces trachyspermus)。培养11 d内,Z2、Z3、Z8、T4及Y2对Ca3(PO4)2的最大溶磷量分别为610.51 mg/mL、674.39 mg/mL、687.10 mg/mL、667.06 mg/mL和629.08 mg/m L,对Al PO4的最大溶磷量分别为485.76 mg/mL、505.59 mg/mL、559.72 mg/m L、495.97 mg/mL和540.02 mg/mL,对FePO4的最大溶磷量分别为504.60 mg/mL、511.57 mg/m L、553.21 mg/mL、508.23 mg/m L和520.42 mg/mL以及对磷矿粉的最大溶磷量分别为139.78mg/mL、135.31mg/mL、159.03mg/mL、154.61mg/m L和154.43mg/mL。溶磷过程中,溶磷量与pH值呈现极显著的负相关性,并测得5株真菌释放有机酸含量分别为228.6 mL/L、91.5 mL/L、7 254.1 mL/L、314.4 mL/L和284.6 mL/L。对无拮抗反应的菌株进行随机复配组合,发现菌株Z3、Z8和Y2组成的复配组合溶磷能力最强,其对Ca3(PO4)2溶磷量高达779.94 mg/m L。最优复配组合包埋固定回用至土壤后,土壤中有效磷含量得到明显提升,最高效磷含量可增长至113.5 mg/kg,增长率为127.3%。本研究为微生物溶磷菌肥的开发提供菌种资源,也可为今后的进一步应用研究提供科学依据。     

南海南部海域夏季分粒级叶绿素a浓度的分布特征及其影响因素

利用2009年6月南海综合调查数据,分析了分粒级叶绿素a (Chl a) 的分布特征及其影响因素,其结果如下: Chl a浓度为未检出至0.51µg/L,平均值为0.10±0.09µg/L,其自表向底层逐渐升高, 至50m层达到最高值, 而后迅速降低,在100m以深的水体中, Chl a含量很少, 水深达到200m时, Chl a的含量接近于零, 部分站位Chl a含量低于检出限。分粒级Chl a 结果表明, Pico 级Chl a (<2µm) 浓度介于0.022-0.40 µg/L之间, 平均值为0.097±0.072 µg/L, 垂向分布上与Chl a 总量一致, 浓度最高值位于50 m; Nano 级Chl a (2-20µm )浓度介于0.0040-0.12µg/L之间, 平均值为0.016±0.018µg/L, 垂向分布变化不大, 在50m层有一高值; Micro 级Chl a (20-200µm)浓度介于0.0013-0.051µg/L之间, 平均值为0.0065±0.0086 µg/L, 垂向分布变化不大,在表层有一高值。分级Chl a 对总Chl a 的贡献主要以细胞粒径0.7-2 µm的Pico 级Chl a 占优势(81.7±8.89%), 其次是2-20 µm的Nano 级Chl a (13.2±6.19%); 粒径>20 µm的Micro 级Chl a 的贡献最小(5.10±3.72%)。调查海域内普遍存在潜在氮限制因素, 但不存在硅的限制。温度、营养盐浓度及营养盐比值(营养盐限制)、真光层厚度、水文状况是控制不同粒级Chl a 含量及分布的主要因素。     

沙化土地信息提取研究

采用LandsatETM 多时相影像,在地类光谱特征分析的基础上,用分层分离的方法,提取出沙化土地信息。以全国沙漠化普查地类划分标准中的植被覆盖度为确定沙化土地程度的依据,通过建立NDVI和实测植被覆盖度的回归模型,确定不同程度沙化土地对应的植被覆盖度与NDVI的对应关系,用NDVI阈值进行划分,得到沙化土地程度图。     

Effects of composite antimicrobial peptide on growth performance and health in weaned piglets

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of composite antimicrobial peptide (CAP) on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets. Over 28 days, 36 weaned piglets (body weight, 10.58 ± 0.99 kg) underwent three treatments: negative control (NC, basal diet), positive control (PC, basal diet + 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin), and CAP treatment (CAP, basal diet with 400 mg/kg CAP). Average daily gain of piglets fed the CAP diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that of piglets fed the PC or NC diet during days 1–7, 8–14 and 15–21. Diarrhea rates of piglets fed the CAP or PC diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those of NC‐fed piglets during days 1–7. Apparent total tract digestibility for dry matter and crude ash in CAP‐fed piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NC‐fed piglets. In the CAP group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts were greater (P < 0.05) and Escherichia coli counts were lower (P < 0.05) than numbers for the NC group. Our results indicate that dietary CAP had beneficial effects on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.