Wheat-sensitive enteropathy in Irish setter dogs: possible age-related brush border abnormalities

The pathogenesis of a wheat-sensitive enteropathy was explored in a litter bred from two Irish setters with a naturally occurring enteropathy. Jejunal biopsies from all eight progeny exhibited morphological changes comparable to those in the parents, while biochemical abnormalities appeared to be related to age. In biopsies obtained from the first group of four dogs at eight months, the activities of alkaline phosphatase and of leucyl-2-naphthylamidase were almost undetectable while disaccharidases were unaltered. In contrast, analytical subcellular fractionation of biopsies obtained from the second group of four dogs at nine months showed that specific activities now reflected a major deficiency of brush border alkaline phosphatase, and normal brush border leucyl-2-naphthylamidase accompanied by elevated soluble activity. Further studies are indicated to determine whether these findings represent an age-related abnormality affecting specific microvillus membrane proteins.     

Plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone and body weights during somatic maturation in intact and castrated Australorp cockerels from a line of hens selected for increased ovulation rate

1. Plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH), comb size and body weight were measured between 46 and 208 d of age in intact and castrated cockerels from lines of selected and control Australorp domestic chickens. The selected line had been selected for increased rate of lay by reducing oviposition intervals within sequences. The cockerels were reared and maintained on 15.25 h light/d. 2. Concentrations of plasma LH in the intact control cockerels were low in the 'immature' phase (less than 100 d old) and increased during the 'mature' phase (older than 175 d) with a peak occurring when the testes are beginning to grow at the onset of the 'mature' phase. In comparison with the control line of cockerels, the selected line had significantly higher plasma LH concentrations at the onset of the 'mature' phase. Selection had no effect on the mean concentration of plasma LH in either the immature phase or a few weeks after the onset of the mature phase. 3. There was no effect of selection in sibling females for higher rates of lay on changes in comb size or body weight during sexual maturation in the intact cockerels. 4. Castration at 45-46 d of age resulted in increased plasma LH concentrations and no comb growth. Plasma LH concentration increased progressively between 40-208 d. There was no difference between the two lines of cockerels in plasma LH concentration or rate of body growth after castration. 5. It is concluded that selection of females for a change in the rate of egg production has resulted in increased plasma LH concentrations in sibling males around the onset of sexual maturation. Selection appears to have caused this effect by altering an unidentified component of the inhibitory feedback mechanism which controls the tonic secretion of LH.     

Phenological development in spring cereals: response to temperature and photoperiod under northern conditions

Phenological development of spring cereals was investigated using observations from several sites in Finland during the period 1970–1990. Different mathematical models which relate temperature to development rate were examined to predict the duration of phenological phases. A photoperiodic response of plant development before heading was also tested. For all phases the relationship between temperature and development was approximately linear. There was no significant response of plant development to photoperiod. This was explained by consistently long photoperiods in the observational material. Parameters for a linear model were derived from a regression analysis of mean development rate of each phase against mean temperature. However, a different response may occur under higher or lower temperatures or under shorter photoperiods than those experienced here.     

Sample size and power determination for detecting interactions in mixtures of chemicals

In the analysis of mixtures of drugs/chemicals it is often of interest to test for the presence of interaction. If the hypothesis of no interaction (additivity) is not rejected, then the analyst may reasonably claim additivity if and only if the study is powered to a desired (e.g., biologically meaningful) level. The objective of this article is to address the sample size and power issues related to testing the hypothesis of additivity at specified mixture points. The study of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water, described in earlier literature, is used to illustrate the procedures for estimating power and sample sizes for detecting interactions at specified mixtures. The four trihalomethanes used in the study are bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), chloroform (CHCl₃), and bromoform (CHBr₃)     

Apollo 14 and apollo 16 heavy-particle dosimetry experiments

Doses of heavy particles at positions inside the command modules of Apollo missions 8, 12, 14, and 16 correlate well with the calculated effects of solar modulation of the primary cosmic radiation. Differences in doses at different stowage positions indicate that the redistribution of mass within the spacecraft could enhance safety from the biological damage that would otherwise be expected on manned, deep-space missions.