不同饲用甜菜品种块根及鲜叶产量评价

试验于2002年4月20日～10月15日在西北农林科技大学咸阳试验牧场进行。试验地位于关中平原中部、渭水之滨，海拨367．3m。年均温度13℃，≥0℃以上有效积温4864．7℃，持续301天；≥10℃以上有效积温4200℃，持续205天。全年无霜期218天，日照时数2100小时。年降水量510～630mm，多集中在7、8、9三个月。土壤为淤泥土，沙壤质，土壤含有机质0．95％，全氮0．08％，全磷0．18％，全钾1．42％，pH值为7．7。     

品种与日粮营养水平对鸡内脏器官质量及指数的影响

试验选取30日龄的云南茶花鸡、武定鸡、盐津乌鸡、AA肉鸡和土杂鸡等96只鸡,随机分为3组,分别饲喂3种不同的蛋白水平日粮,即16.5%、18%和19.5%,探讨日粮蛋白水平对30～60日龄的云南部分地方鸡、肉鸡及土杂鸡内脏器官指数的影响。试验结果表明:品种对各内脏质量及其指数均有显著的影响。肉鸡和土杂鸡的内脏器官质量显著高于云南地方鸡种,而地方鸡的总内脏指数、肠指数、胃指数、肝指数、心脏指数和肺指数均高于肉鸡和土杂鸡(P0.05)。品种间内脏指数随活质量的降低而增加。日粮蛋白水平对内脏质量及其指数的影响不显著。     

奶牛场污染物处理方法浅谈

随着奶牛规模化养殖的发展,养殖污染更趋集中和严重,本文通过对奶牛场污染源的调查分析,提出了减少挤奶厅污水、夏季喷淋污水及奶牛粪尿排放的源头减量;推广生物降解养殖及干粪回用的场内消纳;干粪生产有机肥,污水好氧结合厌氧处理降解排放等奶牛场污染物处理途径,并提出了从奶牛场设计的源头就综合考虑奶牛场动物防疫条件和污染物减排设施,降低奶牛场微生物和排泄物污染,减少奶牛养殖过程中的污染物排放,改善生态环境,推进奶牛养殖的可持续发展。     

Predicting percentage of intramuscular fat using two types of real-time ultrasound equipment

In the present study, 500 steers were used to develop models for predicting the percentage of intramuscular fat (PIMF) in live beef cattle. Before slaughter, steers were scanned across the 11th and 13th ribs using Aloka 500V (AL-500) and Classic Scanner 200 (CS-200) machines. Four to five images were collected per individual steer using each machine. After slaughter, a cross-sectional slice of the longissimus muscle from the 12th rib facing was used for chemical extraction to determine actual carcass percentage of intramuscular fat (CPIMF). Texture analysis software was used by two interpreters to select a region for determination of image parameters, which included Fourier, gradient, histogram, and co-occurrence parameters. Four prediction models were developed separately for each of AL-500 and CS-200 based on images captured by the respective machines. These included models developed without transformation of CPIMF (Model I), models based on logarithmic transformation of CPIMF (Model II), ridge regression procedure (Model III), and principal component regression procedure (Model IV). Model R2 and root mean square error of AL-500 Models I, II, III, and IV were 0.72, 0.84%; 0.72, 0.85%; 0.69, 0.91%; and 0.71, 0.86%; respectively. The corresponding R2 and root mean square error values of CS-200 Models I, II, III, and IV were 0.68, 0.87%; 0.70, 0.85%; 0.64, 0.94%; and 0.65, 0.91%; respectively. Initially, AL-500 and CS-200 prediction models were validated separately on an independent data set from 71 feedlot steers. The overall mean bias, standard error of prediction, and rank correlation coefficient across the four AL-500 models were 0.42%, 0.84%, and 0.88, respectively. For the four CS-200 models, the corresponding overall mean values were 0.67%, 0.81%, and 0.91, respectively. In a second validation test, only Model II of AL-500 and CS-200 was evaluated separately based on data from 24 feedlot steers. The overall mean bias, absolute difference, and standard error of prediction of AL-500 Model II were 0.71, 0.92, and 0.98%. For CS-200 Model II, the corresponding values were 0.59, 0.97, and 1.03%. Both AL-500 and CS-200 equipment can be used to accurately predict PIMF in live cattle. Further improvement in the accuracy of prediction equations could be achieved through increasing the development data set and the variation in PIMF of cattle used.     

Effects of cross-tying horses during 24 h of road transport

Transportation stress has been implicated as a predisposing factor to respiratory disease in horses. Cross-tying horses individually in stalls is common practice for transporting show and racehorses, but horses also travel in small groups or individually without being restricted by tying. The objective of this study was to compare physiological responses of horses travelling cross-tied or loose during 24 h of road transport. Ten horses were used in a cross-over design consisting of two 4 day trials. In the first trial, 6 horses were cross-tied, while 2 pairs of horses were loose in enclosed compartments. Treatments were reversed in the second trial. Baseline samples were collected on Day 1, horses transported on Day 2, and recovery data collected on Days 3 and 4. Blood samples were collected daily at 0800, 1100 and 2000 h. The mean responses in all horses of serum cortisol, lactate, glucose, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and total protein concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) counts and aminotransferase and creatine kinase were was elevated significantly from baseline during the 4 day study. The response of white blood cell counts, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and glucose and cortisol concentrations was significantly elevated in the cross-tied compared to the loose group during transport and recovery. This study supports the recommendation of allowing horses during long-term transportation to travel loose in small compartments, without elevating their head by cross-tying.     

Activation of bovine peripheral blood gammadelta T cells for cell division and IFN-gamma production

Bovine peripheral blood gammadelta T cells have been evaluated for effector function (IFN-gamma production) and clonal expansion in a variety of systems including following activation by mitogens, IL-12, and stimulation, through the T cell receptor (TCR) with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), a cell-bound molecule and a soluble antigenic extract. To evaluate cell division, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) loading of cells and flow cytometric analysis were used, while IFN-gamma production was evaluated by intracytoplasmic staining. It was found that bovine gammadelta T cells produced IFN-gamma and clonally expanded when stimulated through the TCR/CD3 complex by a cell-associated autologous molecule on monocyte, by bacterial components following in vivo sensitization of gammadelta T cells with a leptospira vaccine or by anti-CD3 mAb. In addition, gammadelta T cells were activated efficiently for effector function but not clonal expansion by culturing with IL-12. In contrast, stimulation by Con A or PMA/ionomycin induced efficient replication but only low level IFN-gamma production which was not enhanced by the presence of IL-12. In several systems the amount of IFN-gamma produced per cell by gammadelta T cells was less than that produced by CD4 T cells in the same cultures.     

Potential effects of glucocorticoids on serum iron concentration in dogs

Prednisone was give norally(2mg/kg b.i.d.) to seven healthy mixed breed dogs for 3 consecutive days. Serum iron concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 142 +/- 26 micro g/dl (mean +/- SE) before a drug adminis- tration on Day 0 to a maximum of 307 +/- 47 micro g/dl on Day 2, and returned to the Day 0 value by Day 5. Mean total iron binding capacity did not vary more than 25% from the Day 0 value during the 9 day long study. The percent saturation of transferrin with iron increased from 33 +/- 6% on Day 0 to a maximum of 71 +/- 9% on Day 3. This determination had decreased to 34 +/- 3% on Day 5. No statistically significant changes occurred in these parameters studied in six control dogs that were not given the drug. To determine whether serum iron concentration might be correlated with endogenous serum cortisol concentration, these tests were determined in serum collected from nine dogs at 7 a.m., 3 p.m., and 11 p.m. each day for 3 consecutive days. Serum iron concentration was lower at 7 a.m. (147 +/- 9 micro g/dl) than at 3 p.m. (164 +/- 9 micro g/dl) or 11 p.m. (159 +/- 10 micro g/dl). Likewise serum cortisol was lower at 7 a.m. (1.29 +/- 0.18 micro g/dl) than at 3 p.m. (1.49 +/- 0.19 micro g/dl) or 11 p.m. (1.51 +/- 0.22 micro g/dl). There was a significant positive linear correlation between serum iron and serum cortisol concentrations when they were compared using mean values for each dog. From these studies, it appears that exogenously administered glucocorticoids and endogenous increases in serum cortisol concentrations may result in increased serum iron concentrations in dogs.     

桑树多倍体育种材料遗传背景的AFLP分析

利用AFLP(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)分子标记技术,即扩增片段长度多态性,从DNA分子水平对19份人工三倍体桑育种材料进行了遗传背景分析,构建了指纹图谱.19份育种材料可组配70个杂交组合,各材料间AFLP相似系数大于0.750 0的有54个组合,经AFLP分析认为,它们不宜作亲本间杂交组合;AFLP相似系数小于0.750 0的有16个组合,经AFLP分析认为它们适于作亲本间杂交组合.本研究从基因组DNA分子水平上为人工三倍体桑品种选育以及杂交亲本的选择和组配提供了遗传背景依据.     

人工三倍体桑树新品种嘉陵20号的选育

嘉陵 2 0号是用化学诱变与人工杂交相结合的染色体工程育成的人工三倍体桑树新品种 (2n =3x =4 2 )。母本为 792 0 (2n =2x =2 8) ,父本为人工四倍体西庆 4号 (2n =4x =5 6 )。该品种营养生长旺盛 ,枝条直立粗长 ,叶形大 ,叶肉肥厚 ,全年公顷产叶量比对照品种湖桑 32号 (2n =2x =2 8)增加 31 81%。养蚕试验万头蚕产茧层量比对照提高 5 84 % ,4 - 5龄蚕 10 0kg桑叶产茧量比对照提高 7 4 5 %。桑叶 (干物 )蛋白质含量 2 7 5 2 % ,比对照高 4 14百分点 ;可溶性糖含量 5 5 3% ,比对照高 1 0 4百分点。