Mechanical insights into the effect of fluctuation in soil moisture on nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soil

Paddy fields are subjected to fluctuating water regimes as a result of the alternate drying and wetting water management, which often incurs a sensitive change in N₂O emissions from paddy soils. However, how the soil moisture regulates the emission of N₂O from paddy soil remains uncertain. In this study, three incubation experiments were designed to study the effects of constant and fluctuating soil moisture on N₂O emission and the sources of N₂O emission from paddy soil. Results showed that the N₂O emission from paddy soil at 100 % WHC (water-holding capacity) was higher than that at 40, 65, 80, 120, and 160 % WHC, indicating that 100 % WHC was the optimum soil moisture content for N₂O emission under the incubation experiment. Small peak of N₂O flux appeared when the soil moisture content from 250 % WHC decreased near to 100 % WHC, lower than that triggered by nitrogen (N) fertilization, which was mainly owing to the low NH₄ ⁺ concentration at this period. Nitrification dominated the emissions of N₂O from paddy soil at 250 % WHC (54.96 %), higher than that of nitrification-coupled denitrification (6.74 %) and denitrification (38.3 %). The contribution of denitrification to N₂O emissions (44.10 %) was equivalent to that of nitrification (44.45 %) in soil at 100 % WHC, which was higher than that of 250 % WHC treatment. In conclusion, the finding suggested that the peak of N₂O in paddy soils during midseason aeration could be attributed to the occurrence of optimum soil moisture under sufficient N availability, favorable for the production and accumulation of N₂O.     

Investigation and genetic mapping of a Glomerella leaf spot resistance locus in apple

Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe fungal disease that damages apple leaves during the summer in China. Breeding new apple varieties that are resistant to the disease is considered the best way of controlling GLS. Fine mapping and tightly linked marker are critically essential for the preselection of resistant seedlings. In this study, a population of 207 F₁ individuals derived from a cross between ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ was used to construct a fine simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based genetic linkage map. The position of R_gls, a locus responsible for resistance to GLS, was identified on apple linkage group (LG) 15 using SSR markers CH05g05 and CH01d08, which was adapted from a published set of 300 SSR markers that were developed using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. These two SSR markers flanked the gene, and its recombination rate was 8.7% and 23.2%, respectively. A total of 276 newly developed SSR markers around the target region and designed from the genome apple assembly contig of LG15 were screened. Only nine of these were determined to be linked to the R_gls locus. Thus, a total of 11 SSR markers were in linkage with R_gls, and mapped at distances ranging from 0.5 to 33.8 cM. The closest marker to the R_gls locus was S0405127, which showed a genetic distance of approximately 0.5 cM. The first mapping of the gene R_gls was constructed, and the locations of the 11 effective primers in the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple genome sequence were anchored. This result facilitates better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the trait of resistance to GLS and could be used in improving the breeding efficiency of GLS‐resistant apple varieties.     

Preliminary study of patients with chronic mountain sickness by GC-TOF-MS based serum metabolomics analysis

AIM: To evaluate specific metabolomics profiles in the serum of patients with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and to explore the potential metabolic biomarkers in the native Tibetans living on the Qinghai-Tibet Pla-teau.METHODS: A gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) approach as a metabolomics technique was used to evaluate metabolic differences. The native Tibetan CMS patients (n=10) and healthy Tibetan controls (n=10) were enrolled from YuShu in Qinghai province in this study. The serum samples were collected and analyzed by GC-TOF-MS coupled with a series of multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).RESULTS: The intergroup differences between CMS patients and control subjects have been observed. A list of differential metabolites and several top altered metabolic pathways have been identified. The levels of fumaric acid, an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and inosine were highly upregulated in the CMS patients, suggesting a greater effort to hypoxic adaptation in high elevation area. Other differential metabolites, such as methyl phosphate, 2-ketoadipate, lyxose and phytanic acid were also identified. Importantly, the differential metabolites possessed higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) values, indicating an excellent clinical ability for the prediction of CMS. Increased levels of amino acids (isoleucine, glycine, serine, L-cysteine, citrulline and trimethyllysine) were detected in CMS group, yet significantly decreased levels of sulfuric acid, oxamic acid, lyxose and glutamine were also detected in CMS group than those in control group. At the same time, the levels of ribose and glucose-1-phosphate were markedly elevated in CMS group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The metabolic activities are significantly altered in the serum of CMS patients. High altitude hypoxia may act on the disturbed glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism in part of the Tibetan triggered by CMS.     

玉树独一味异型花柱对结实率影响的初步研究

[目的]研究独一味异型花柱对结实率的影响.[方法]通过对独一味异型花柱在花序中不同位置和不同花期中的分布、盛花期异型花柱花部特征参数、异型花柱中花粉活力及柱头活性差异及花粉管在柱头上的萌发、花序不同部位自然结实率方面的研究,探讨独一味异型花柱与结实率的相关性.[结果]独一味L型花柱上花粉的萌发高于S型,L型花柱的位置和结实种子的位置具有一致性.[结论]独一味异型花柱与结实存在一定的相关性.     

陕西关中地区小麦田禾谷缢管蚜对7种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确陕西关中地区麦蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的抗药性现状,采用浸叶法测定了兴平、礼泉、凤翔、岐山、扶风地区麦田禾谷缢管蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、异丙威、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、氟啶虫胺腈等7种杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平最高,其中凤翔种群对高效氯氰菊酯达到高水平抗性(抗性倍数为72.5),岐山和扶风种群对该药产生中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为31.4、29.9);5个地区的禾谷缢管蚜对溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、异丙威和阿维菌素的抗性水平较低,表现为敏感、敏感性下降或者低抗性;5个地区的试虫对氟啶虫胺腈均表现为敏感。分析认为,高效氯氰菊酯不适合用于关中地区禾谷缢管蚜防治,氟啶虫胺腈作为一种新型杀虫剂,可以在该虫防治中推广使用,吡虫啉、阿维菌素等其他几种杀虫剂可以在禾谷缢管蚜的防治中交替使用。     

近55 a内蒙古极端降水指数时空变化特征

基于内蒙古100个气象站点1960-2014年日降水数据,选取气候变化监测与指数专家组(ETCCDI)推荐的9个极端降水指数,采用Sen’s斜率法和Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验方法以及空间地统计方法,研究了极端降水指数时空演变特征。结果表明:研究区区域平均的全部极端降水指数均呈不同程度的下降趋势,且年际波动显著;分区的年际趋势有所差异,即东部地区潮湿日数(NW)呈增加趋势,其余极端降水指数均呈减少趋势,其中持续干燥指数(CDD)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);中部地区所有极端降水指数均呈减少趋势,其中年总降水量(PRCPTOT)减少趋势较明显;西部地区持续湿润指数(CWD)、强降水量(R95)、单日最大降水量(Rx1day)、5日最大降水量(Rx5day)呈减少趋势,其余指数均呈增加趋势。从极端降水指数变化趋势的空间分布特征来看,区域差异显著,总体上呈下降趋势的站点主要分布于内蒙古东部和中部地区,而呈上升趋势的站点主要分布于内蒙古东北部和西部地区。     

无人机施药对棉蚜的防治效果及经济效益分析

为探讨采用无人机防治新疆南部地区棉蚜的可行性并筛选防治效果好的杀虫剂及具有增效作用的杀虫剂助剂,研究了采用大疆MG-1S型无人机喷施不同的杀虫剂+助剂对棉蚜的防治效果,并对无人机飞防的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:采用MG-1S型无人机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂(SC) 225 mL/hm2(制剂量,下同)时对棉蚜的防治效果最好,优于喷施70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂(WG) 30 g/hm2和70%啶虫咪WG 60 g/hm2。在添加助剂方面,以分别在70%啶虫脒WG 60g/hm2和70%吡虫啉WG 30g/hm2中添加15 mL/hm2的高工效通用助剂的防治效果最好,其次为聚合物类助剂和飞防增效剂;而在22%氟啶虫胺腈SC(150 mL/hm2)中,以添加150 mL/hm2的飞防增效剂的效果最好,其次为矿物源类、有机硅类和聚合物类助剂。采用无人机施药,在施药后3 d和5 d的防治效果与采用机械+人工拖管施药相比均无显著性差异,但无人机田间作业施药液量减少1/3,工作效率提高3倍,机械作业费减少60元/hm2,可满足现代农业高效、节药和降低成本的需要。     

Cover Image,Volume 75, Issue 6

The cover image is based on Research Article Field evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer: effect of spray volume on deposition and the control of pests and disease in wheat by Guobin Wang et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5321 . Illustration Credit: Guobin Wang, Yubin Lan, and Yuxing Han.

     

轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机设计与试验研究

液态肥穴播深施是利用高压液柱冲击土壤,通过精确控制流体喷射进行肥料定向深施的一种农机农艺新方法。为此,设计并研制了一种轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机,并通过土槽试验研究了液态肥穴播深施的可行性、成穴的基本规律及合适的工作参数范围。设计的开穴施肥轮上分布着多个导流开穴器,当导流开穴器插入土壤后,端面凸轮控制其开启,经过增压的高压液态肥沿导流开穴器射入土壤,解决了液态肥施肥过程中作业速度低、喷肥孔易堵塞及施肥量调节复杂等问题。研制了施肥机工作参数的试验测试系统,通过正交试验确定了其工作压力、流量和转速的最佳参数。试验表明:当压力取0.3MPa、节流阀开度为50%、转速为30r/min(对应机具速度0.86m/s)时,施肥量可满足设计要求。田间试验表明:轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机对覆膜、秸秆覆盖地、免耕地等作业环境有很强的适应性,比普通喷洒施肥节约肥料42%、提高作业效率30%以上。本研究为液态肥的深施肥作业机具研究和田间追肥农艺改进提供了参考。     

可快速拆装的模块化微耕机设计

针对南方丘陵山地耕地落差大,耕作机具在田间转移困难的问题,以LZ-1WG4.2Q型微耕机为原型,设计一款可快速拆装、易于转移、工作稳定性好的模块化微耕机。设计了发动机过渡节、变速箱过渡节与弹性动力座架总成等主要部件,对薄弱部件进行强度校核,利用有限元分析法对关键部件进行静态和模态仿真分析,结果证明该设计合理、可靠,为未来山地微耕机的模块化、便携化生产提供参考。