海南普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群的遗传分化

普通野生稻(OryzarufipogonGriff.)是栽培稻的近缘祖先,蕴藏着丰富的优异基因,是宝贵的水稻遗传资源。普通野生稻主要分布在我国的南方地区,海南岛是我国普通野生稻的主要分布区之一,野生稻的遗传多样性曾经非常丰富。三亚是海南岛典型的热带地区,是普通野生稻主要的分布区。最近在海南琼海发现一个原生境普通野生稻居群,尚不清楚海南普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群之间的遗传关系。本研究采用37个SSR标记从SSR座位的多态率、SSR座位的基因杂合性、两居群间的遗传相似性和遗传距离以及两居群间的遗传分化等四方面,对海南普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群进行了遗传分析,旨在为海南普通野生稻的深入研究提供基础。结果表明SSR座位在两群体中存在较高的遗传变异,且其在普通野生稻三亚居群的遗传变异高于在普通野生稻琼海居群的遗传变异。SSR座位在琼海居群中的多态率为81.0811%,在三亚居群中的多态率为91.8919%;观察杂合性、理论杂合性、非偏性杂合性在三亚居群中的平均值为0.5651、0.4449、0.4661,高于在琼海居群中的相应平均值(0.4097、0.2057、0.2670)。根据Nei遗传相似性和遗传距离普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群间的遗传相似性为0.6385,遗传距离为0.4486。FST检验表明,两群体之间存在着中等程度的遗传分化(FST=0.3909),表明这两个普通野生稻居群内存在着60.91%的遗传变异。     

鸡舍环境镰孢菌的定量研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to quantitatively analyze the Fusarium concentration and distribution in air and the surrounding substrates(feed,feces,dust,soil)in the chicken house to provide a scientific basis for the control and early warning of Fusarium infection in poultry and practitioners.[Method]Air samples collected by a 6-stage Anderson air microorganism sampler and exposed culture plates as well as substrate samples gathered by aseptic bags were cultured,counted and purified in the lab.[Result]717 strains of Fusarium isolates were obtained and the dust had the highest Fusarium concentration among the samples(2.8×105-1.5×106 CFU/g with an average of 8.8×105 CFU/g).[Conclusion]The Fusarium distribution in the air was in high correlation with those in soil and dust.     

腌制温度和食盐用量对咸鸭蛋蛋黄脂质的影响

为进一步提高咸鸭蛋品质,以鸭蛋为原料,分析不同腌制条件对蛋黄中脂质存在形式、脂质氧化速率的影响。结果表明,在腌制过程中,随着腌制温度的升高、腌制时间的延长,蛋黄指数、脂质含量、蛋黄皂化值均显著增加(P0.05);腌制用盐量对蛋黄中脂质的皂化值有显著的促进作用(P0.05)。在腌制液食盐质量分数为20%~30%时,升高腌制温度对蛋黄中脂质二次氧化(硫代巴比妥酸值thiobarbituric acid,TBARS)有显著促进作用(P0.05),在腌制30 d后,TBARS无显著变化;并且在试验条件下,提高腌制用盐量能显著提高蛋黄中的TBARS(P0.05);动力学分析表明,增加食盐用量能够降低蛋黄中脂质初始氧化反应的活化能,从而促进脂质氧化。因此,通过调整腌制用盐量及腌制温度能够实现对咸鸭蛋蛋黄中脂质氧化的调控,由此得出咸鸭蛋较好的腌制条件为腌制温度25℃、腌制用盐量25 g/(100 g)、腌制时间为25 d,该研究结果可以为咸鸭蛋的腌制生产提供技术参考。     

基于水力性能和净化效果的表面流人工湿地设计参数优化

为探究表面流人工湿地设计参数对水力性能和净化效果的影响,分析设计参数与水力性能指标和净化效果指标之间的关系性,优选综合考虑水力性能和净化效果的设计参数组合,对表面流人工湿地设计参数(长宽比、水深、植物间距、流量、进出口布置、植物种类)开展正交试验。结果表明:设计参数对净化效果有显著的影响,各水力性能指标之间、以及净化效果指标之间均存在极显著的相关性,水力性能指标与净化效果指标之间存在一定的相关性。长宽比、水深和植物间距是影响表面流人工湿地水力性能和净化效果的主要设计参数,尤其以长宽比的影响最为显著。在试验条件下,表面流人工湿地最优设计参数组合为长宽比4∶1、水深30 cm、植物间距20 cm、流量0.55 m3/h、进出口中进中出布置、水生植物水葱。     

Preparative separation and purification of rebaudioside a from steviol glycosides using mixed-mode macroporous adsorption resins

Preparative separation and purification of rebaudioside A from steviol glycosides using mixed-mode macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) were systematically investigated. Mixed-mode MARs were prepared by a physical blending method. By evaluation of the adsorption/desorption ratio and adsorption/desorption capacity of mixed-mode MARs with different proportions toward RA and ST, the mixed-mode MAR 18 was chosen as the optimum strategy. On the basis of the static tests, it was found that the experimental data fitted best to the pseudosecond-order kinetics and Temkin-Pyzhev isotherm. Furthermore, the dynamic adsorption/desorption experiments were performed on the mini column packed with mixed-mode MAR 18. After one run treatment, the purity of rebaudioside A in purified product increased from 40.77 to 60.53%, with a yield rate of 38.73% (W/W), and that in residual product decreased from 40.77 to 36.17%, with a recovery yield of 57.61% (W/W). The total recovery yield reached 96.34% (W/W). The results showed that this method could be utilized in large-scale production of rebaudioside A from steviol glycosides in industry.     

Effect of agricultural land use change on community composition of bacteria and ammonia oxidizers

Purpose

Soil microbial communities can be strongly influenced by agricultural practices, but little is known about bacterial community successions as land use changes. The objective of this study was to determine microbial community shifts following major land use changes in order to improve our understanding of land use impacts on microbial community composition and functions.

Materials and methods

Four agricultural land use patterns were selected for the study, including old rice paddy fields (ORP), Magnolia nursery planting (MNP), short-term vegetable (STV), and long-term vegetable (LTV) cultivation. All four systems are located in the same region with same soil parent material (alluvium), and the MNP, STV, and LTV systems had been converted from ORP for 10, 3, and 30 years, respectively. Soil bacteria and ammonia oxidizer community compositions were analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively. Quantitative PCR was used to determine 16S rRNA and amoA gene copy numbers.

Results and discussion

The results showed that when land use was changed from rice paddy to upland systems, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi increased whereas Acidobacteria decreased significantly. While LTV induced significant shifts of bacterial composition, MNP had the highest relative abundance of genera GP1, GP2, and GP3, which were mainly related to the development of soil acidity. The community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) but not ammonia-oxidizing archaea was strongly impacted by the agricultural land use patterns, with LTV inducing the growth of a single super predominant AOB group. The land use changes also induced significant shifts in the abundance of 16S rRNA and bacterial amoA genes, but no significant differences in the abundance of archaea amoA was detected among the four land use patterns. Soil total phosphorous, available phosphorous, NO₃ ^?, and soil organic carbon contents and pH were the main determinants in driving the composition of both bacteria and AOB communities.

Conclusions

These results clearly show the significant impact of land use change on soil microbial community composition and abundance and this will have major implications on the microbial ecology and nutrient cycling in these systems, some of which is unknown. Further research should be directed to studying the impacts of these microbial community shifts on nutrient dynamics in these agroecosystems so that improved nutrient management systems can be developed.     

农牧交错带不同间套作模式的土地生产力

农牧交错带不同带状间套作不但是一种高产高效的生产技术,而且还是一种冬春季节防风固沙的生态保护措施。研究间套作对作物干物质积累过程和产量的影响,对于合理利用间套作技术提高土地生产力和改善生态环境有重要意义。该研究从2009年到2011年在内蒙古武川县进行大田试验,通过地上部干物质质量随大于0℃有效积温增长的指数线性(expolinear)关系对不同作物间作和单作的地上部干物质增长动态进行拟合,量化了间作模式下作物的生长速率的变化和生长与发育延缓的程度。采用土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)研究了农牧交错带几种典型间作模式的土地生产力。结果表明:向日葵/马铃薯、莜麦/马铃薯和莜麦/豆类大带宽(2m:2m带宽)间作具有显著的产量优势,基于经济产量的土地当量比LER分别为1.12、1.09和1.05,说明间作能提高土地生产力5%～12%。窄带宽模式(1m:1m带宽)间作优势小于大带宽模式,而且年际间的变幅较大。间作显著提高了向日葵收获指数,对其他作物收获指数的影响不显著。间作中高秆作物如莜麦在莜麦和豆类的间作中具有显著的边行优势。间作和单作相比,显著降低了作物最大生长速率(cm);但相对生长速率rm和单作的差异不显著;在间作中,矮秆作物(马铃薯和箭舌豌豆)的生长进程都有不同程度的延缓,到达冠层最大盖度时所需的有效积温比单作多117～387℃·d,考虑到试验区作物生长季内的日平均温度为15℃左右,这2种间作作物的生长延缓了约8～26d。总体来讲,农牧交错带的这几种典型带状间作种植模式都具有一定的间作产量优势和更高的经济效益,特别是大带宽间作模式,间作优势较为明显,而且还能降低农业生产的气候和市场风险。     

沂蒙山区小流域坡耕地土壤颗粒结构与养分退化特征

为探讨坡耕地土壤退化程度及其与坡度的关系,在沂蒙山区选择典型小流域,通过测定流域内不同坡度坡耕地、弃耕地与生态林地的土壤颗粒组成、分形维数、土壤养分质量分数的变化及其相关性,研究坡耕地土壤颗粒结构与养分退化特征。结果表明：1）所有土地利用类型,土壤砂粒体积分数最高,黏粒体积分数最低,平均值分别为70．81％、0．75％;2）土壤颗粒分形维数、有机质质量分数为生态林地〉弃耕地〉坡耕地;3）坡耕地土壤颗粒分形维数随坡度增加而减小,其大小与土壤粉粒和黏粒体积分数分别呈极显著、显著正相关;4）所有土地利用类型,土壤有机质质量分数与砂粒体积分数显著负相关,与粉粒和黏粒体积分数显著正相关,土壤氮、磷、钾养分质量分数与土壤颗粒体积分数相关性不显著;5）研究区土壤具有粗骨性砂土的物理特性,坡耕地耕作或坡度加大会增强土壤粉粒和黏粒的流失,导致土壤颗粒分布的均匀性及其分维数下降,水肥保蓄性能和养分质量分数降低。     

一株产常温葡甘聚糖酶的芽孢杆菌的分离、鉴定及产酶发酵条件的研究

以魔芋生粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从魔芋废渣中分离筛选出一株可以降解魔芋生粉的细菌菌株,编号为LS-6。根据16SrDNA序列和生理生化特性,将该菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。胞内外葡甘露聚糖酶酶活分析结果表明,LS-6产生的葡甘聚糖酶为胞外酶。LS-6产生葡甘聚糖酶的最佳培养基组分和条件是：1%魔芋生粉,0.5%酵母粉,0.5%NaCl,培养基初始pH为6.0,最佳发酵条件是25℃,摇床转速200r/min,培养48h。酶解产物的高效液相色谱分析结果表明,LS-6粗酶液的酶解产物主要为葡萄糖和甘露糖。LS-6的分离为进一步克隆常温葡甘聚糖酶基因和产酶工程菌的构建奠定了基础。     

越冬绿肥二月兰耐盐能力及在盐碱耕地上的培肥效果

试验研究了二月兰的耐盐能力及在盐渍土上作为越冬绿肥的培肥效果。通过盐水浸泡试验,发现二月兰种籽在浓度为4.0 g/kg的NaC l溶液中可正常发芽。田间耐盐试验表明,二月兰的耐盐极限为4.53 g/kg。土壤含盐量为2.41~4.53 g/kg时,二月兰生物量随着土壤含盐量增加而降低,差异达到显著水平。二月兰种植及翻压试验表明,翻压二月兰能够有效地降低土壤表层含盐量,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤中N、P、K的含量;土壤含盐量愈低,培肥效果越好。二月兰是轻、中度盐碱耕地很有潜力的越冬绿肥作物。