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Two-year field study shows little evidence that PPO-transgenic rice affects the structure of soil microbial communities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Young Jin Chun Hyo-Jeong Kim Kee Woong Park Soon-Chun Jeong Bumkyu Lee Kyoungwhan Back Hwan Mook Kim Chang-Gi Kim 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(4):453-461
There is global concern about the environmental consequences associated with transgenic crops. Their effects on the soil ecosystem
are of special interest when assessing ecological safety and integrity. Although many efforts have been made to develop crops
genetically modified to have resistance to protoporphyrin oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides, little is known about their
influence on soil microbial communities. We conducted a 2-year field study and an analysis via terminal restriction fragment
length polymorphism (T-RFLP) to assess the impacts of PPO-transgenic rice on bacterial and fungal communities. In the first
year we sampled the rhizosphere and surrounding bulk soil, while in the second year we sampled rhizosphere soil only. No differences
were observed in the diversity indices and community composition of microbial communities between transgenic rice and its
parental non-transgenic counterpart (cultivar Dongjin). Instead, community variation was strongly dependent on growth stage
and year. Therefore, we observed no adverse effects by these crops of modified rice on the microbial community composition
in paddy soils. 相似文献
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I. D. Wijnberg S. E. A. Schrama A. E. Elgersma J. T. M. Maree P. De Cocq W. Back 《Equine veterinary journal》2009,41(3):313-318
Reasons for performing the study: Therapeutic options for stringhalt in horses are limited, whereas medical experiences with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) have been positive. To evaluate its effectiveness in horses, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals before and after injection need to be quantified. Hypothesis: Treatment of healthy ponies and cases with Botox should reduce muscle activity in injected muscles and reduce spastic movements without adverse side effects. Methods: Unilaterally, the extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum lateralis and lateral vastus muscles of 6 healthy mature Shetland ponies and 2 talented Dutch Warmblood dressage horses with stringhalt were injected (maximum of 400 iu per pony and 700 iu per case; 100 iu in 5 ml NaCl divided into 5 injections) with Botox under needle EMG guidance. Surface EMG data were evaluated using customised software, and in the individuals gait was analysed using Proreflex. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed models and independent sample t test (P<0.05). Results: Surface EMG signals were quantified using customised software. The area under the curve (integrated EMG) in time was used as variable. It became significantly reduced in injected muscles after injection of Botox in normal ponies (P<0.05). This effect was present from Day 1 until Day 84 after injection. In the 2 cases, after injection of 3 muscles, the integrated EMG in time became significantly reduced in all 3 muscles. Kinematic measurements confirmed reduction of frequency and amplitude of hyperflexing or hyperabducting strides of the affected hindlimbs. The duration of effect was also seen in the cases until around 12 weeks after injection. Conclusions and potential relevance: After EMG guided injections of Botox, sEMG signals recorded from injected muscle were reduced, which proves this to be a useful tool in statistically evaluating a treatment effect. The positive results of this pilot study encourage further research with a larger group of clinical cases. 相似文献