手性差异对水产养殖沉积物环境中农药氰戊菊酯降解的影响

为研究养殖池塘底泥环境中农药氰戊菊酯（fenvalerate,简称FV）及其异构体（分别用FV1、FV2表示反式异构体,FV3和FV4表示顺式异构体）的消除动态规律,本研究通过室内模拟培育的方式观察底泥样本中FV及其手性异构体在浓度水平和异构体差异上的消除变化规律。研究发现,FV在底泥环境中的降解过程符合一级降解动力学方程。不同暴露浓度条件下,FV及其手性异构体的降解半衰期均无显著性差异,FV在环境中的半衰期范围是19.47~38.73天。不同手性异构体在底泥环境中的半衰期存在差异,FV1的降解半衰期显著高于其他异构体,FV3显著高于FV2和FV4。FV在底泥环境中存在α-C位置异构的转化现象,当转化进行3周后,转化速率变慢,转化产物变化开始不断减少。研究认为,FV在底泥中的蓄积周期较长,应尽量避免FV在底泥环境中的直接残留和暴露。此外,为安全进行渔业生产和有效进行环境生态风险评价,在底泥FV残留的检测或去除研究中应区分其不同的手性异构体。     

甘蓝型油菜主要农艺性状的主成分分析

为了研究甘蓝型油菜各农艺性状之间的相互关系,提高油菜新品种的选育效率,对229份DH纯系材料进行农艺性状（包括株高、分枝高度、一次分枝数、主花序长度、主花序角果数、单株经济学产量和单株生物学产量等）的相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,株高、分枝高度、主花序长度、单株生物学产量和单株经济学产量等5个性状偏向于父本,而一次分枝数和主花序角果数偏向于母本。相关性分析显示,株高、分枝高度、主花序角果数、单株经济学产量和单株生物学产量之间均呈现极显著正相关,一次分枝数与株高和分枝高度之间呈负相关。主成分分析可将农艺性状综合为株高因子、一次分枝数因子、主花序角果数因子和分枝高度因子,累计贡献率达90.0%,基本涵盖了农艺性状的全部信息。     

农作物种子检验的意义、内容与展望

农作物种子检验是农业生产的根基,扎实做好农作物种子检验工作确保种子质量,对维护农民权益和种子产品国际化至关重要。本文阐述了种子检验的内容、意义、存在的问题和未来发展方向,以供相关人员参考。     

甲氨阿维·虫酰肼混剂对不同蔬菜甜菜夜蛾的控制作用研究

田间小区试验结果表明,5.1%甲氨阿维·虫酰肼可湿性粉剂对番茄和白菜地的甜菜夜蛾均有较好的防治效果。在番茄地甜菜夜蛾卵孵化期施药,850~2000倍液,药后3d的防效最高,达74.92%~94.96%,药后7d已有新的幼虫孵化,防效开始下降;在白菜地甜菜夜蛾不同虫龄混发期施药,药后5d的防效最高,为83.85%~95.52%。对菜青虫有很好的兼治作用,而且对番茄和白菜安全。可以作为防治甜菜夜蛾的有效药剂推广使用,推荐使用浓度为850~1200倍。     

Comparative analysis of different methods revealing the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds

Seed longevity is a very important characteristic controlling seed quality. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic is poorly understood. In this study, 'FH7185', a storable rice variety, the germination rate of which was 66.63%, much higher than the control after artificial ageing under relative humidity 88% and 42°C for 21 days. Different methods were applied to reveal the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds. In total, 35 differential proteins were identified from 2D‐PAGE, and 3,719 proteins from iTRAQ analysis. A comparison of these two methods showed that not all protein types could be detected on the 2D‐PAGE gels, and the dynamic range was somewhat limited. So the comprehensive proteome map from the iTRAQ analysis was used to identify the quantitatively regulated proteins that played roles in seed longevity, and found that the most marked change was the increased abundance of many metabolic enzymes, especially the ones involved in α‐linolenic acid metabolism in the embryos during ageing. OsLOX2 and OsLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity, which were lower in FH7185 than the control. The dehydrogenase (LOC_Os07g44430) which played a major catalytic role in lipid peroxidation, also changed significantly during ageing. Therefore, OsLOX2, OsLOX3 and Loc_OS 07G44430 may be involved in the regulation of seed longevity with a synergistic effect.     

芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤改良的效果研究

为探索芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤的改良效果,在山西省朔州市右玉县,以未种植芦笋裸沙地为对照（CK）,设置种植芦笋1、2、3和4年共4个处理,通过田间试验测定不同种植年限芦笋田土壤理化特性和芦笋生长发育情况。结果表明,与CK相比,随种植年限增加,土壤黏粒和粉砂粒含量递增,砂粒含量递减,土壤容重递减,土壤田间持水量递增;土壤pH和可溶性盐浓度（EC）递减;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量逐年递增。种植芦笋3年的土壤粒级、土壤容重、田间持水量、pH、EC值、土壤肥力发生显著变化;连续种植芦笋4年的土壤黏粒含量较CK增加到29.8%,粉砂粒含量增加到12.6%,砂粒含量降低到57.6%,田间土壤持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低,土壤由砂质壤土向砂质黏土转变;土壤pH降低0.75,EC值降低0.08mS/cm;土壤有机质含量增加28.89%,全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加95.12%、94.92%和45.40%;芦笋产量达6 037.5kg/hm ²。综合分析,连续种植芦笋4年可改善沙化土壤的物理结构,提高土壤养分,降低盐碱程度。芦笋是冷凉沙化区土壤改良的先锋作物之一,可实现生态效益与经济效益并举。     

达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价

生态系统服务功能是生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用,对其服务价值进行货币化评价,可以推动自然资源可持续利用,促进区域生态环境保护。以达里诺尔湖湿地为研究对象,结合达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统的结构、特征及其生态过程特点,通过资料搜集与实地调研,运用资源经济学理论和方法,对达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值进行了划分。构建了达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价指标体系,并对其进行了价值评价。评价结果显示达里诺尔湖湿地的服务价值为93.70×10⁴万元,其中直接使用价值为2.19×10⁴万元,占比为2.36%,间接使用价值为91.51×10⁴万元,占比为97.66%。各项生态系统服务功能中以调节空气湿度价值最大,为82.76×10⁴万元,占总服务价值的88.32%。     

转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

转Bt基因抗虫玉米为诺华公司含Bt11转化系的杂交种NX4777,能全株表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,以其非转基因受体玉米品种NX4906为对照。在玉米生长至心叶中期(50~60cm高)、抽雄前期和抽丝散粉期分别进行人工接亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)]初孵幼虫40~60头。以食叶级别、存活幼虫数、蛀孔数、隧道长度和雌穗被害级别等,分别作为评价玉米心叶期和穗期的抗性标准。结果表明,Bt玉米食叶级别仅为1级,显著低于对照的7级。Bt玉米平均每株存活幼虫0.04~0.20头、蛀孔0.11~0.15个、隧道长度0.13~0.41cm,雌穗被害级别为0,植株折茎率为0,而对照玉米平均每株存活幼虫6.19~12.41头、蛀孔4.48~7.05个、隧道长度12.41~24.09cm,雌穗被害级别为5.9,植株折茎率高达73.6%~95.5%。室内生测结果亦表明,取食Bt玉米心叶、雄穗的初孵幼虫3d全部死亡,取食花丝7d死亡率达到99%,相比之下取食常规玉米的存活率在88.7%以上。表明表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt对亚洲玉米螟具有很高的抗虫性,能够保护玉米全生育期免受玉米螟的危害。     

Identification of AFLP fragments linked to one recessive genic male sterility (RGMS) in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and conversion to SCAR markers for marker-aided selection

117AB is a recessive genic male sterility (RGMS) line in which the sterility is controlled by a duplicate recessive gene named ms, located at two separate loci. In the RGMS line, the genotype of the sterile plant (117A) is msmsmsms, and that of the fertile plant (117B) is Msmsmsms. The present study was aimed to identify DNA markers linked to the ms locus by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). From the survey of 512 AFLP primer combinations, 6 AFLP fragments (y1, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5) were identified as being tightly linked to the Ms locus. The genetic distances between the markers and the Ms locus were all less than 8 cM, among which two fragments, designated as k2 and k3, co-segregated with the target gene in the tested population. Fragment k2 was successfully converted into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. The markers detected could be valuable in marker-assisted breeding of RGMS in Brassica napus.     

中期喷施多效唑对甜高粱生长及生理特性的影响

为了研究中期喷施多效唑对甜高粱生长发育与生理特性的影响,本文采用不同浓度的多效唑在伸长期初期对甜高粱进行叶面喷施处理。结果表明,适宜浓度的多效唑处理可以有效的提高甜高粱叶片的可溶性糖、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质等的含量,显著的增强了甜高粱叶片的蔗糖合成酶活性,对气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率有明显的增强效应,有效的降低了甜高粱的株高和茎长,而对茎杆的增粗有促进作用,从而提高了甜高粱的抗倒伏能力,最终使茎杆产量提高。多效唑比较适宜的使用浓度为0.75g/L。