Capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography determination of polyglutamyl 5-methyltetrahydrofolate forms in citrus products

The 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF) polyglutamates in citrus products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Folate species were purified from citrus products and concentrated from 2- to 100-fold using combined folate-affinity chromatography and C18 extraction. Seven polyglutamyl 5mTHFs were found in most not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juices (OJ) in total amounts of approximately 1 nmol/mL, with varying distributions of individual polyglutamates. Folate amounts and distributions were also measured in orange fractions, single-strength OJ from concentrate, NFC grapefruit juice, and citrus peel molasses. Models containing ascorbic acid had folate thermal degradation rates one-seventh that of models without ascorbic acid. Pasteurization studies demonstrated that folate loss was <2% for commercial OJ pasteurization conditions (i.e., 93 degrees C for 5 s, 88 degrees C for 15 s, and 82 degrees C for 30 s). Both methods were precise, reproducible, and potentially faster than traditional analytical procedures requiring enzymatic deconjugation and microbial assays.     

Soil carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems

In semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems, low and erratic annual rainfall together with the widespread use of mouldboard ploughing (conventional tillage, CT), as the main traditional tillage practice, has led to a depletion of soil organic matter (SOM) and with increases in CO₂ emissions from soil to the atmosphere. In this study, we evaluated the viability of conservation tillage: RT, reduced tillage (chisel and cultivator ploughing) and, especially, NT (no-tillage) to reduce short-term (from 0 to 48 h after a tillage operation) and mid-term (from 0 h to several days since tillage operation) tillage-induced CO₂ emissions. The study was conducted in three long-term tillage experiments located at different sites of the Ebro river valley (NE Spain) across a precipitation gradient. Soils were classified as: Fluventic Xerocrept, Typic Xerofluvent and Xerollic Calciorthid. Soil temperature and water content were also measured in order to determine their influence on tillage-induced CO₂ fluxes. The majority of the CO₂ flux measured immediately after tillage ranged from 0.17 to 6 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹ and was from 3 to 15 times greater than the flux before tillage operations, except in NT where soil CO₂ flux was low and steady during the whole study period. Mid-term CO₂ emission showed a different trend depending on the time of the year in which tillage was implemented. Microclimatic soil conditions (soil temperature and water content) had little impact on soil CO₂ emission following tillage. In the semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems studied, NT had low short-term soil CO₂ efflux compared with other soil tillage systems (e.g., conventional and reduced tillage) and therefore can be recommended to better manage C in soil.     

沙枣树胶对红葡萄树提取液抗氧活性保护作用的研究

该文就沙枣树胶对红葡萄树提取液抗氧性的保护作用及其变化进行了初步研究,结果表明红葡萄树提取液具有极强的抗羟自由基(H0·)能力,而抗超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)的能力较弱,即在空气中易氧化、抗氧活性迅速降低、消失;当加入沙枣树胶初期,其抗氧性能迅速降低,3d后开始上升,15d后其对超氧阴离子自由基清除率达到30%,60d后对羟自由基清除率达到68%,其后,一直保持稳定.在沙枣树胶的多糖活性成分的作用下,红葡萄树胶的抗氧活性显著增强,稳定性提高.研究结果初步表明,沙枣树胶对红葡萄树提取液的抗氧活性具有显著的保护作用.     

林地开垦后坡面侵蚀过程与土壤养分流失的研究

林地被人为开垦破坏后 ,加速侵蚀是导致坡面土壤养分流失的根本原因。坡面土壤养分流失的空间分布与坡面侵蚀方式和侵蚀强度的空间分布相一致 ,浅沟沟槽是坡面土壤养分流失最严重的部位。土壤养分流失在开垦初期非常迅速 ,开垦耕种 5 a后 ,土壤养分含量可减少 5 0 %。土壤剖面中 A层的流失是土壤养分流失的标志。     

外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天吸收和积累锌的影响

通过溶液培养试验,比较研究了外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天生长和锌吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,外加柠檬酸或草酸能明显增强非超积累生态型东南景天的耐锌毒能力,叶片、茎和根系的生物量均有增加;而对锌超积累生态型东南景天的生长没有显著性影响。外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸,锌超积累生态型根系Zn含量显著增加,但叶片和茎组织中Zn含量无明显变化;而非超积累生态型叶片、茎和根系Zn含量均显著增加,尤其是根系Zn含量,与单独Zn处理相比外源有机酸处理增加4～5倍。同样,外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸明显提高Zn在非超积累生态型根系和地上部的积累量,且对地上部Zn积累量的促进程度大于根部;柠檬酸的促进作用又比草酸及2种酸混合处理高1倍。然而,有机酸处理对Zn超积累生态型根系Zn积累量有所增加,但对叶片和茎中Zn积累量无影响。叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量也受外源有机酸的影响,2种生态型叶片、茎中水溶态Zn含量均受有机酸处理而提高。Zn超积累生态型叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量占总Zn含量比例也受有机酸处理而增大,但非超积累生态型则显著降低。上述结果表明,柠檬酸和草酸可能作为其Zn吸收的配基,促进根系对Zn吸收与积累,叶片和茎中的Zn可能与可溶性有机化合物或无机盐结合。     

高效脱色菌的特性及其在染化废水厌氧处理中的生物强化作用

从活性污泥等微生物源中分离、筛选获得10株高效脱色菌，经鉴定其属于Pseudomonas,Bacillus，Xanthomonas，Erwinia，Alealigenes，Plesiomonas。对艳红染料生产废水脱色试验表明最适温度30℃，pH6.6～8.0，湿细胞浓度20～30!g*L-1;静置培养（兼氧）脱色率高于振荡培养；外加NADH、NADPH、易降解有机物和有机废水可强化脱色菌的脱色性能。为实现脱色菌的资源化应用，试验将PseudomonasD18,ErwiniaD17,AlcaligenesD19andPlesiomonasD124株脱色菌制成混合培养物和固定化细胞，分别投加于处理染化废水的厌氧反应器，结果发现在相同COD负荷、水力负荷条件下，投加固定化细胞的反应器，其脱色率可提高5!%～10!%，出水苯胺浓度提高40!%～65!%。电镜观察发现脱色菌在胶团内外持留、增殖。厌氧反应器性能的改善主要通过功能性微生物生物量和相关基因库量的增加而实现。     

黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应

细沟径流输沙是细沟侵蚀产沙的重要过程,阐明细沟径流输沙与水动力学参数之间的关系可以有效地揭示细沟径流输沙的动力学机制,并为建立细沟侵蚀过程物理模型奠定基础。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验,研究黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明:1)一次降雨径流产生的细沟输沙模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系大小顺序为平均水流断面单位能量(R=0.99)>平均水流功率(R=0.88)>平均水流切应力(R=0.82)>平均单位水流功率(R=0.76);2)降雨径流过程中,细沟输沙率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系为水流切应力(R=0.88)>水流功率(R=0.47),水流断面单位能量和单位水流功率的相关性较差,细沟输沙率对水流切应力的响应关系呈幂函数方程关系。     

耕层以下包气带中氮素蓄积的原位修复治理

耕层以下包气带土层中的氮素蓄积再释放是引起地下水污染的主要原因之一。将已优化制备的生物脱氮菌剂与白糖碳源共同施用，并于常规的田间施肥后在一定灌水量下以一定时段(3个月左右)观测，进行了现场原位修复治理试验研究。结果显示，实施该方法可有效去除耕层以下2．0m以浅主要发生氮蓄积的土壤层段中的高含量氮素，为防范地下水污染，消除潜在隐患，提供了科学依据。     

水生植物控制湖泊底泥营养盐释放的效果与机理

通过人工模拟的方法，进行了用狐尾藻、凤眼莲2种水生植物来控制湖泊底泥营养盐释放的研究。结果表明，水生植物能有效抑制底泥中TN、TP、硝态氮和氨态氮的释放；沉水植物狐尾藻比漂浮植物凤眼莲的效果好。底泥采取物理处理(塑料包被)后在短期内(15—20d)能暂时控制底泥中营养盐的释放，但不能保持长久，并在随后表现出一定的“补偿效应”。物理措施如底泥包被不是控制底泥营养盐释放的有效方法和根本途径，水生植物修复才能有效抑制底泥中营养盐的释放，今后将成为控制底泥中营养盐释放的发展方向。     

多效抗旱驱鼠剂的苗木处理方法与效果

研究结果显示,利用多效抗旱驱鼠剂150倍水溶液兑成泥浆,对裸根苗进行蘸根处理,或用多效抗旱驱鼠剂400～800倍水溶液,在容器苗出圃前进行浇灌,可有效地预防甘肃鼢鼠、草兔和牛羊的危害,同时,能显著地提高苗木定植后的抗旱能力.2 a生油松和侧柏定植3 a后,苗木保存率比对照分别提高80.8和73.2,综合预防效果分别为83.7和90.7.苗木保存率及综合预防效果与造林方式、林型和试验地所处的立地有直接的关系,苗木保存率林缘、路旁低于林中,但其综合预防效果差异不明显.施用多效抗旱驱鼠剂的苗木,促长增益指数为0