Interconversion of stereoisomers of endosulfan on chickpea crop under field conditions

The pure individual stereoisomers of endosulfan, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, were applied as emulsifiable concentrates to chickpea crop at the rate of 175 g a.i. ha −1 and 50 g a.i. ha −1, respectively. The dissipation rate of these isomers revealed that alpha-endosulfan interconverted to beta-endosulfan in minor quantities, while it was converted into endosulfan sulfate on chickpea leaves in significant amounts. On application, beta-endosulfan was converted to endosulfan sulfate and alpha-endosulfan in relatively smaller amounts. The study indicates that the beta stereoisomer of endosulfan is more persistent because it is resistant to interconversion and metabolic change.     

Flufenoxuron, an acylurea insect growth regulator, alters development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) by modulating levels of chitin, soluble protein content, and HSP70 and p34 in the larval tissues

The effect of sublethal concentrations, 0.00141% (LC₂₀), 0.00251% (LC₃₀), and 0.0036% (LC₄₀) of a dispersible formulation of an acylurea insect growth regulator, flufenoxuron (Cascade) on certain biochemical parameters in the larvae of Tribolium castaneum was investigated. When neonates were fed on diet treated with sublethal concentrations for 24 h, it was observed that at all concentrations tested, there was a significant reduction in chitin content on the 15th day of development. Total soluble protein content at LC₂₀ and LC₃₀ decreased with increasing age of the larvae. At LC₂₀ and LC₄₀ concentrations there was a progressive increase in the protein: chitin ratio as a function of increase in age of the larvae. SDS-PAGE analysis of the larval tissue extracts indicated gross quantitative changes in some of the protein bands (MW 50-97 kDa). Western blot analysis revealed significant increase in the level of HSP70 in the extracts of larvae fed on LC₃₀ treated diet, on the 7th and 10th day of development in the decreasing order. Conversely, a significant decrease in the hyper-phosphorylated form of p34^cdc2 kinase due to flufenoxuron treatment indicating modulation of cell cycle regulation was observed. Thus, sublethal concentrations of flufenoxuron alter expression of developmentally regulated proteins, HSP70 and p34^cdc2 and chitin formation in a stage-specific manner thereby resulting developmental abnormalities in T. castaneum.     

Microbial levan in the diet of Labeo rohita Hamilton juveniles: effect on non-specific immunity and histopathological changes after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the immuno-protective effect of microbial levan on Labeo rohita juveniles challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Six purified diets were prepared with different levels of microbial levan: control (no levan), T1 (Basal + 0.25%), T2 (Basal + 0.50%), T3 (Basal + 0.75%), T4 (Basal + 1%) and T5 (Basal + 1.25%), fed to six groups of fish in triplicate. Among the treatment groups the haemoglobin content and total leucocyte count were increased with a dietary supplementation of levan at 1% or more. An increasing trend for total erythrocyte count was observed with increasing level of dietary levan. Lower levan-supplemented groups showed a higher albumin/globulin ratio. As the levan supplementation was increased, there was a gradual increase in serum lysozyme activity and respiratory burst activity [nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay] reduction values. The highest lysozyme activity and NBT were observed in the T5 group although this was similar to the T4 group ( P  > 0.05). No significant histo-architectural changes were associated with dietary levan levels. After challenge with A. hydrophila , moderately degenerated hepatocytes, oedema and leucocytic infiltration in parenchymatous tissues, and extensive haemorrhage and haemosiderosis in the kidney were observed in the control group. However, the T5 group supplemented with 1.25% levan showed infiltrating leucocytes in the liver while the kidney showed only moderate degeneration of renal tubules. The relative survival per cent of juveniles after challenge with A. hydrophila was the highest in the T5 group followed by T4. This suggests that microbial levan at 1.25% can be used as dietary immunostimulant for L. rohita juveniles.     

Present position regarding breeding of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in India

Summary Progress of hybridization work at various centres in India is reviewed. With the improved technique of mango hybridization and the report of self-incompatibility in mango, it will be possible to evolve a larger number of hybrids for screening for desirable characters. Embryological studies have shown that in mango pollen tubes grow down the style and effect fertilization but the development of zygote is blocked leading to a sporophytic type of self-incompatibility. Hybrids recently evolved through the combinations of regular and commercial biennial bearing varieties indicate that largescale hybridization may offer a solution to the biennial bearing problem in mango.Paper read at the International Horticultural Congress, Maryland, Maryland, U.S.A., 1966.     

Studies on digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juveniles: effect of microbial α-amylase supplementation in non-gelatinized or gelatinized corn-based diet at two protein levels

A 60-days feeding trial was conducted to delineate the effect of both gelatinized and non-gelatinized corn with or without supplementation with exogenous α-amylase at two dietary protein levels (35% and 28%) on dry matter digestibility, digestive enzymes and tissue glycogen content of Labeo rohita juveniles. Three hundred and sixty juveniles (average weight 10±0.15 g] were randomly distributed into 12 treatment groups with each of two replicates. Twelve semi-purified diets containing either 35% or 28% crude protein were prepared by including gelatinized (G) or non-gelatinized (NG) corn as carbohydrate source with different level of microbial α-amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg⁻¹). The dry matter digestibility of G corn fed groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the NG corn fed groups. Hepatosomatic index (HSI), liver glycogen and intestinal amylase activity of G starch fed groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the NG corn fed groups. However, the reverse trend was found for gastrosomatic index (GSI), muscle glycogen and intestinal protease activity. Addition of 50 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ feed improved the dry matter digestibility of NG starch fed groups, which was similar to that of the G corn fed groups or NG corn supplemented with 100/150 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ feed. HSI, liver glycogen and intestinal amylase activity were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at minimum level of α-amylase in the feed (50 mg kg⁻¹) and did not increase due to further inclusion of amylase in the diet. Supplementation with α-amylase at 50 mg kg⁻¹ increased the intestinal amylase activity beyond which no significant changes were observed. Protease activity of liver and intestine was highest (P < 0.05) in higher crude protein (CP) fed groups, but protease activity of the intestine was significantly higher in the α-amylase supplemented groups. Hence, it was concluded that feed with 28% CP containing either G corn without α-amylase or NG corn with 50 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ may be used as the alternative carbohydrate source for L. rohita juveniles.     

Non-gelatinized corn supplemented with α-amylase at sub-optimum protein level enhances the growth of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to delineate the effect of both gelatinized and non‐gelatinized corn with or without supplementation of exogenous α‐amylase at two level of protein 35% (optimum) and 27% (sub‐optimum) on growth, tissue composition and protein sparing effect of carbohydrate in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Three hundred and sixty fingerlings (average weight 10.00±0.15 g) were randomly distributed in 12 treatment groups with two replicates for each. Twelve semi‐purified diets containing either 35% or 27% CP were prepared with different levels of α‐amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg^?1) and starch type [gelatinized (G)/non‐gelatinized, (NG)] viz. T₁ (NG, 35% CP, 0 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₂ (G, 35% CP, 0 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T3 (NG, 27% CP, 50 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₄ (NG, 35% CP, 50 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₅ (G, 27% CP, 50 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₆ (G, 35% CP, 50 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₇ (NG, 27% CP, 100 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₈ (NG, 35% CP, 100 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₉ (G, 27% CP, 100 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₁₀ (G, 35% CP, 100 mg kg^?1α‐amylase), T₁₁ (NG, 27% CP, 150 mg kg^?1α‐amylase) and T₁₂ (NG, 35% CP, 150 mg kg^?1α‐amylase). The fish were acclimatized to the experimental condition for 24 days during which control diet (NG, 35% CP) was fed. Weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization of NG corn‐fed groups at 42.43% were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the same level of G corn‐fed groups. We conclude that 42.43% NG corn supplemented with 50 mg α‐amylase kg^?1 feed at sub‐optimum level of CP (27%) significantly enhanced the growth and protein in L. rohita fingerling. Addition of dietary α‐amylase to G corn had no added advantage on growth of L. rohita fingerling.     

Solvent-free lipase-catalyzed preparation of diacylglycerols

Various methods have been applied for the enzymatic preparation of diacylglycerols that are used as dietary oils for weight reduction in obesity and related disorders. Interesterification of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols with commercial preparations of monoacylglycerols, such as Monomuls 90-O18, Mulgaprime 90, and Nutrisoft 55, catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) in vacuo at 60 degrees C led to extensive (from 60 to 75%) formation of diacylglycerols. Esterification of rapeseed oil fatty acids with Nutrisoft, catalyzed by Lipozyme RM in vacuo at 60 degrees C, also led to extensive (from 60 to 70%) formation of diacylglycerols. Esterification of rapeseed oil fatty acids with glycerol in vacuo at 60 degrees C, catalyzed by Lipozyme RM and lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) and Candida antarctica (lipase B, Novozym 435), also provided diacylglycerols, however, to a lower extent (40-45%). Glycerolysis of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols with glycerol in vacuo at 60 degrees C, catalyzed by Lipozyme TL and Novozym 435, led to diacylglycerols to the extent of 相似文献   

Deltamethrin induced alterations of hematological and biochemical parameters in fingerlings of Catla catla (Ham.) and their amelioration by dietary supplement of vitamin C

The present study was carried out to investigate the sub-lethal toxicity of technical grade deltamethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) of concentration 1.61 μg/L (1/3rd of 96 h LC₅₀) on hematological and biochemical parameters of catla (Catla catla) fingerlings and its amelioration through dietary vitamin C. The deltamethrin exposed fishes were fed with different levels of supplemented vitamin C such as 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg diet to see its ameliorating effect by assaying hematological parameters viz. total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin content (Hb), total serum protein, albumin, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio and biochemical parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), total adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), magnesium adenosine triphosphatase (Mg²⁺-ATPase) and sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase) activities. The finding of this study showed that deltamethrin had negative effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters of Catla catla. The experimental group, which was exposed to deltamethrin and fed with normal diet showed significantly lower values (P ? 0.05) of all parameters studied except ALT activity. This might be due to possible disruption of hematopoiesis and proteosynthesis. However, the fish fed with varied concentration of vitamin C in diets neutralized the toxic effect of deltamethrin, as evidenced by significantly lowered hematological and biochemical response. Vitamin C @ 1000 mg/kg diet was the most effective in amelioration of harmful effect of deltamethrin on hematological and biochemical parameters of catla fingerlings. The result suggests that vitamin C can be effectively used to neutralize the toxic effect of deltamethrin on catla.     

The influence of wax emulsion,morphactin and gibberellic acid on the storage behaviour of indian gooseberry fruits

Qualities of Indian gooseberry fruits (Phyllanthus emblica L.) were determined after dip-treatment with wax emulsion (WE) with or without morphactin (Mor) and gibberellic acid (GA₃). Dip-treatments with 100–500 mg l^?1 Mor reduced marketability by inducing browning and high weight loss, but loss in ascorbic acid was checked and phenols increased. 10 mg l^?1 Mor maintained marketability at par with control, effectively controlled loss in ascorbic acid, and increased acidity and reducing sugars. GA₃, although failing to control the loss of ascorbic acid, was effective in checking browning and thereby increased the market value of fruits as compared with controls and Mor-treated fruits.WE with or without Mor (10 mg l^?1) controlled browning, accumulation of phenols and losses in weight and moisture as compared with 10 mg l^?1 Mor, 100 mg l^?1 GA₃, or control, but could not retain ascorbic acid in comparison to 10 mg l^?1 Mor-treated fruits. Marketability of fruits having had treatment with either WE or GA₃ was the same. Fruits having had combined treatment with WE and 10 mg l^?1 Mor had maximum marketability. Minimum marketability was observed in fruits subjected to a combined treatment of WE + 100 mg l^?1 GA₃ due to maximum infection with Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.