新疆迪西型鹰嘴豆中脂肪和蛋白质组分的研究

[目的]提取新疆产地的迪西型鹰嘴豆的油脂,测定脂肪酸含量及组分,并测定迪西型鹰嘴豆的分级蛋白和蛋白质氨基酸组成。[方法]以新疆产地的迪西型鹰嘴豆为试验材料,提取其种仁油脂。用气相色谱一质谱法测定脂肪酸的含量及组分;采用微量定氮法和分级提取法测定粗蛋白和分离蛋白,并对蛋白质中的氨基酸组成进行了分析。[结果]鹰嘴豆中油脂含量高（18．2％）,油脂以不饱和脂肪酸油酸、亚油酸为主要成分。占脂肪酸总量80％以上,饱和脂肪酸含量较低。鹰嘴豆中粗蛋白质含量平均为23．71％,以球蛋白和清蛋白为主,占蛋白质总量的80％以上,而谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白含量较低。其蛋白质均舍18种氨酸酸,属完全蛋白质。谷氨酸含量最高,占蛋白质的15．8％;天冬氨酸含量占10．7％;此外还有精氨酸（9．30％）、亮氨酸（7．56％）和赖氨酸（6．34％）;其次为苯丙氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸;色氮酸、蛋氨酸和胱氨酸含量最少。鹰嘴豆中必需氨基酸含量丰富。[结论]新疆迪西型鹰嘴豆是一种不饱和脂肪酸含量很高;氨基酸含量丰富的豆类作物。     

Analysis and tensile-tear properties of abraded denim fabrics depending on pattern relations using statistical and artificial neural network models

The aim of this study is to develop new pattern denim fabrics and characterize the mechanical properties of these fabrics after abrasion load. Furthermore, tensile and tear strengths of these fabrics have been analysed by using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and statistical model. All denim fabrics were first abraded and subsequently tensile and tearing tests were applied to the abraided fabrics seperately. Actual data generated from the tests were analyzed by ANN and regression model. The regression model has shown that tensile strength properties of the abraded large structural pattern denim fabrics are generally low compared to that of the small structural pattern and traditional denim fabrics. On the other hand, when the abrasion cycles are increased tensile properties of all denim fabrics are generally decreased. Tearing strength of weft and warp in the abraded large structural pattern denim fabrics are between small structural pattern and traditional denim fabric. On the other hand, when the abrasion cycles are increased tearing strength properties in the weft and warp for all denim fabrics are generally decreased. The results from ANN and regression models were also compared with the measured values. It is concluded that almost all values from ANN are accurately predicted compared with those of the regression model. Therefore, we suggest that both methods can be used in this study as viable and reliable tools.     

Mechanical characterization of flocked fabric for automobile seat cover

In this study, the tensile and tearing properties of substrate, substrate with adhesive and flocked fabric were studied with developed regression model which explains the relationships between fabric forms and tensile and tearing strength of the flocked fabrics. Warp and weft tensile strengths of wet flocked fabric are generally higher than the warp and weft tensile strengths of dry flocked fabric due to the high wet properties of cotton yarn. Weft tensile elongation of the flocked fabric is generally higher than warp tensile elongation due to the higher crimp ratio of the flocked fabric in the weft direction. Warp and weft tearing strengths of wet form substrate with adhesive and flocked fabric are higher than those of dry forms of substrate with adhesive and flocked fabric. One of the reasons could be the decrease of inter-yarn frictional forces due to the lubrication effect of the wet form of acrylic adhesive in substrate with adhesive fabric. Generally, tearing strength of flocked fabric is low compared with substrate. It was concluded that the regression model used in this study could be viable and reliable tools and flocked fabric could be considered as an alternative seat cover material to use in automotive industry.     

Analysis of genetic and virulence variability of Stemphylium lycopersici associated with leaf spot of vegetable crops

Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) W. Yamam was initially described from tomato and has been reported to infect different hosts worldwide. Sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2, including 5.8S rDNA (ITS-5.8S rDNA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) gene, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), as well as virulence studies were conducted to analyze 46?S. lycopersici isolates. Stemphylium lycopersici isolates used in this study were obtained from diseased tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from major vegetable growing regions of Malaysia, including the three states of Pahang, Johor and Selangor between 2011 and 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of a combined dataset of the ITS-5.8S rDNA and gpd regions indicated that all isolates were clustered in the sub-cluster that comprised S. lycopersici, and were distinguished from other Stemphylium species. Cluster analyses using the UPGMA method for both RAPD and ISSR markers grouped S. lycopersici isolates into three main clusters with similarity index values of 67 and 68 %. The genetic diversity data confirmed that isolates of S. lycopersici are in concordance to host plants, and not geographical origin of the isolates. All S. lycopersici isolates were pathogenic on their original host plants and showed leaf spot symptoms; however, virulence variability was observed among the isolates. In cross-inoculation assays, the representative isolates were able to cause leaf spot symptoms on eggplant, pepper, lettuce and tomato, but not on cabbage.     

Monitoring of sewage pollution in the surface sediments of coastal ecosystems using linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular markers

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Molecular organic markers are an effective tool to detect the adverse effects of anthropogenic inputs in the aquatic environment. Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) are...     

The effects of partially substituting Indian carps or adding silver carp on polycultures including small indigenous fish species (SIS)

A sustainable semi-intensive pond aquaculture technology including major carp species (Indian, Chinese and common carp) as cash-crop and small indigenous fish species (SIS) as food for the farmers' families is being optimized in Bangladesh. Silver carp inclusion in the polyculture is now being considered, because this very efficient filter feeder has a strong impact on pond ecology and also on the farmers' family nutrition because it is a cheap fish that the family can afford to eat instead of selling. The present paper is centered on the reduction of silver carp negative effects on other species while keeping the advantages of increased total yield and income due to silver carp stocking. It presents the results of two experiments, one on-station and one on-farm, in which 3–5 silver carp/100 m² were added or partially substituted major carp filter feeders. The basic stocking density was 100 carps (rohu, catla and a bottom feeder, either mrigal or common carp, at a 1:1:1 ratio) and 250 SIS (punti and mola) per 100 m². In the on-station experiment silver carp density was 3 and 5 fish/100 m² and the large carp bottom feeder was common carp. In the on-farm experiment silver carp density was 5 fish/100 m² and the bottom feeder was either common carp or mrigal.Most of the water quality and fish performance parameters tested were not affected by the polyculture composition. Adding 3–5% silver carp or substituting 3–5% of the herbivorous fish species by this highly efficient filter feeder increased grazing pressure on the phytoplankton, which led to a 25–40% reduction of the chlorophyll concentration in the water column. The increased grazing pressure was not enough to affect other water quality parameters and fewer effects on the availability of food for the other fish species occurred than when the silver carp addition was 10% of the polyculture, as reported in a previous work. The strong negative effects of silver carp on the other species of the polyculture and the higher total yields and income recorded in previous experiments with the addition of 10 silver carp/100 m² were much weaker and their expression depended on other pond conditions when 3 or 5 silver carp/100 m² were added or substituted the same number of rohu or catla, either when the bottom feeder was mrigal or common carp. It was concluded that stocking 3 silver carp/100 m² over the usual 100 large carp and 250 SIS /100 m² can be considered a ‘no effect’ stocking density in relation to the control without silver carp, while stocking 10 silver carp/100 m² should be preferred by farmers to keep the option of selling or consuming the silver carp.     

Persistent BVD virus infections in offspring from imported heifers

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The aim of this study was to investigate the possible risk of bovine viral diarrhea virus transport from imported live animals. For this purpose, two...     

Usage of Shoot Analyses to Assess Early-Season Nutritional Status of Apple Trees

Mid-summer leaf analyses are commonly used as the standard method worldwide to assess the nutritional status of fruit trees. However, the analyses performed at this period yield information only about current nutritional status of the trees. Several physiological processes influencing yield and quality take place early in spring. It was reported in previous studies that dormant-season shoot analyses for some nutrients may reliably be used to assess early-season nutritional status of peach trees.The present study was conducted with the shoot samples taken in dormant-season of 150 apple orchards from Isparta region during the years 2010 and 2011. Shoot samples were taken 15 days before full bloom stage and samples were subjected to nutrient analyses. Reference values for each nutrient were indicated as 25 and 75% of the resultant values. The shoot reference values for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and B were respectively observed as 0.66–0.82%, 0.12–0.15%, 0.37–0.45%, 0.84–1.24%, 0.11–0.16%, 24.55–32.24?ppm, 11.12–17.55?ppm, 12.96–21.90?ppm and 13.33–16.00?ppm. To check the reliability of shoot analyses, leaf samples were taken from the same orchards in 7 different periods until mid-vegetation season and correlations between nutrient contents of shoots and nutrient contents of leaves taken in all periods were investigated. Significant correlations were observed between N, P, K, Mg, Mn and B contents of shoots and leaves. Therefore, it was concluded that early-season shoot N, P, K, Mg, Mn and B analyses could reliably be used to assess nutritional status of apple trees.     

Decolorization and Degradation of Reactive Dye in Aqueous Solution by Ozonation in a Semi-batch Bubble Column Reactor

The decolorization and degradation of anionic sulphonated azo dye (Reactive orange 16 (RO16)), which is suspected to be carcinogenic, were investigated using ozone. The decolorization process of the reactive dye was carried out by bubbling ozone at the bottom of a bubble column reactor containing the dye solution. The effect of pH, reaction time, dye concentration, ozone concentration, and decolorization time was studied. Also, degradation products and possible degradation mechanism were investigated. The results showed that ozonation was a highly effective way to remove color from wastewater. The color of a synthetic waste solution containing water-soluble reactive dye was reduced to 69.69 % under the basic condition (pH 12), with complete RO16 degradation occurring in 8 min. Ozone consumption continued for a further 16 min after which time most of the degradation reactions were complete. Kinetic studies showed that direct ozonation of the aqueous dyes represented a pseudo-first-order reaction with respect to the dye. The apparent rate constant increased with both the applied ozone dose and higher pH values and declined logarithmically with the initial dye concentration. Intermediates such as 6-acetylamino-3-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 2-(4-nitrosophenyl) sulfonylethyl hydrogen sulfate, and 6-acetamido-4-hydroxy-3-nitroso naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid were detected by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry in the absence of pH buffer, while nitrate and sulfate ions and formic, acetic, and oxalic acids were detected by ion chromatography.     

EFFECT OF AUTUMN CALCIUM SPRAY AT A HIGH RATE ON ‘GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE QUALITY AND STORABILITY

The aim of the study was to examine effect of autumn calcium (Ca) spray at a high rate on apple quality and storability. The investigation was carried out during 2005–2006 in Isparta district, Turkey, under semi-arid conditions, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9 EMLA, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m on fine-textured soil rich in Ca. The trees were sprayed with Ca in summer and/or in autumn, using organically complexed Ca to avoid possible leaf and fruit injuries. In autumn (10 days before harvest), the trees were sprayed with Ca at a rate of 8 kg ha^?1. In summer, the another trees were sprayed with Ca six times at a rate of 1.5 kg ha^?1 in each measure; the first spray treatment was performed 6 weeks after full bloom, and the others at 7–9 day intervals. The third part of the trees was sprayed with Ca in summer as well as in autumn, at the same terms and rates as given above. Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control. It was found that Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumn damaged leaves; however those treatments did not caused defoliation. Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russeting, and firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. Fruit flesh Ca concentrations of the control trees were high. However, the highest fruit Ca concentration was recorded on the trees sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn. Calcium sprays in summer or in autumn increased fruit Ca concentrations but their effects were weaker than summer plus autumn Ca applications. After 100 days of refrigerated air storage, soluble solids concentration of fruit did not differ between the studied combinations. Only apples sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn were firmer and contained more organic acids than the control fruit. During storage, there were neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorders. Based on the obtained results we conclude that Ca sprays in summer plus in autumn at high rate can prolong ‘Granny Smith’ apple storage even thought initial fruit Ca concentration is as high as 502–504 mg Ca kg^?1 DW or 84.1–84.8 mg Ca kg^?1 FW.