Antioxidant Activities of Citrus Albedo and Flavedo Fragments Against Fish Lipid Oxidation

ABSTRACT

This research aimed to inhibit the oxidation of fish lipid by adding the ethanol extracts of albedo and flavedo fragments of grapefruit, sour orange, and bergamot. The samples were stored at 25°C, and analyses were performed on weekly intervals. The albedo fragments of sour orange extract had the highest antioxidant activity (0.342 ± 0.002 µM Trolox) and total phenolic content (5.29 ± 0.00 g GAE/100 g dry matter). Lipid oxidation increased rapidly in control samples compared to the extract treatments. The lowest scores for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), para-anisidine value, peroxide value, and UV absorbance values were determined in sour orange albedo extracts as 5.21 mg MDA/kg, 17.81 and 4.78 meq O₂/kg, 2.24, and 0.403, respectively, at the end of the storage. More successful results were obtained with the peels of grapefruit and bergamot in supressing the lipid oxidation. Bergamot extract was the most preferred citrus in terms of sensory analyses.     

Simultaneous Extraction and Fractionation of Fish Oil from Tuna By-Product Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)

ABSTRACT

Fish oil was extracted and simultaneously collected into six fractions based on molecular weight and the chain length of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents without splitting of the triglycerides, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimized conditions of 40 MPa, 65°C, and a flow rate 3 mL min^?1. In each type of fractionation, the first fraction (F1) was rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA; 52.57 to 61.26%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 22.17 to 23.22%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; (0.54 to 20.37%); the sixth fraction (F6) was rich in PUFA (48.93%), followed by MUFA (33.59%) and SFA (13.61%). It was obvious that short-chain fatty acids were extracted at an earlier fraction; therefore, the latter fractions were dominant in long-chain fatty acids, especially MUFA and PUFA. Thus, omega-3 fish oil (last three fractions) was successfully separated to be used as a value-added health product.     

Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic N-Doped TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> for Degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) Dye

Bisphenol A (BPA) and reactive black 5 (RB5) dye are among the most persistent and non-biodegradable contaminants in water which require an urgent need for the development of effective removal method. The ubiquitous existence of both contaminants could interfere with the human health and aquatic environmental balance. Photocatalytic process as one of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has shown high performance for degradation of organic compounds to the harmless materials under sensible condition. Therefore, this study aims to develop a visible-light-driven photocatalyst that can efficiently degrade BPA and RB5 present in household water. N-doped TiO₂ were successfully synthesized via simple and direct sol–gel method. The prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Brunauere Emmette Teller (BET) analysis. The incorporation of nitrogen in TiO₂ lattice exhibited excellent optical responses to visible region as revealed by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy absorption capability at 400–600 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the N-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles was measured by photocatalytic degradation of BPA and RB5 in an aqueous solution under visible-light irradiations. Degradation of BPA and RB5 was 91.3% and 89.1%, respectively after 360 min illumination. The degradation of BPA and RB5 by N-doped TiO₂ was increased up to 89.8% and 88.4%, respectively under visible-light irradiation as compared to commercial TiO₂ P25. This finding clearly shows that N-doped TiO₂ exhibits excellent photocatalytic degradation of BPA and RB5 under visible irradiation, hence have a promising potential in removing various recalcitrant contaminants for water treatment to fulfill the public need to consume clean water.

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Multiaxis 3D weaving: Comparison of developed two weaving methods (tube-rapier weaving versus tube-carrier weaving) and effects of bias yarn path to the preform properties

Multiaxis three dimensional (3D) flat weaving was developed and feasibility of the weaving was studied. Two weaving methods were created called tube-rapier weaving and tube-carrier weaving to make multiaxis 3D woven preform unit cells. Both methods were compared to each other for preform structural parameters and processing parameters. Performance of each unit cell was predicted based on their specifications. Useful discussions regarding the feasibility of both methods in terms of processing and preform parameters were presented. The results may be considered encouraging.     

Effects of Irrigation Water in Different Salinity on Yield and Quality Parameters of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Plant

Salinity affects many areas in our country and around the world, resulting in dramatic reductions in plant yields. In this study, the plant yield, some plant quality parameters, and soil salinity in the plant root area were investigated by irrigating tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with different salinity irrigation waters. The experiment was carried out in pots in 4 replicates according to the randomized plot design. Six different salinity of irrigation water applications were applied in the experiment (S0?=?0.38 dS m^?1, S1?=?2 dS m^?1, S2?=?5 dS m^?1, S3?=?8 dS m^?1, S4?=?11 dS m^?1, S5?=?15 dS m^?1). According to the data obtained at the end of the research, as the salinity of irrigation water increased, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, leaf dry weight and leaf number decreased. It was determined that there was a certain increase in nicotine content in the face of the decrease of all examined physical parameters in irrigation water increase. In addition, the salinity values in the plant root zone soils and the salinity values in the outlet (drainage) water have also increased. Salinity threshold value of the tobacco plant was determined to be 2.04 dS m^?1. With an increase in salinity by one unit, there was a 7.1% decrease in leaf dry weight. It was determined that the tobacco plant is vulnerable to salinity based on the data collected.

     

Single-chain variable fragments antibody specific to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corynespora cassiicola</Emphasis> toxin,cassiicolin, reduces necrotic lesion formation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hevea brasiliensis</Emphasis>

Corynespora leaf disease poses a serious threat to rubber cultivation because infected leaves develop necrotic lesions and abscise, leaving the tree unproductive. The destructiveness of Corynespora cassiicola has been largely attributed to cassiicolin, a protein toxin secreted by the fungus. Recombinant antibody technology offers hope to curtail the disease whereby single-chain variable fragments (scFv) specific to cassiicolin could bind and deactivate the toxin in genetically modified rubber trees that harbour the antibody gene. A scFv phage library was constructed from heavy and light variable chains of IgG from cassiicolin immunized Balb/C mice spleen. Biopanning of the phage library yielded a scFv clone with high specificity to cassiicolin. The nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence information of the scFv were obtained. Hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged scFv expressed in Escherichia coli is discerned as a band at ca. 30 kDa on SDS-PAGE, and the corresponding band was detected by anti-HA IgG on a Western immunoblot. Deactivation of cassiicolin by the affinity-purified scFv was demonstrated in a detached-leaf bio-assay on selected susceptible Hevea clones (PB 260, RRIM 2020, RRIM 901 and RRIM 929). The assay was also performed on clones that are relatively more resistant to the fungus (RRIM 600 and GT-1), and the results were as expected. Thus, we have successfully demonstrated that the cassicolin-specific scFv can effectively reduce cassicolin toxicity.     

Design of Neural Network Predictor for the Physical Properties of Almond Nuts

In this study, an adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) based predictor was designed to predict the physical properties of four almond types. Measurements of the dimensions, length, width and thickness were carried out for one hundred randomly selected samples of each type. With using these three major perpendicular dimensions, some physical parameters such as projected area, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, shape index and aspect ratio were estimated. In in a various Artificial Neural Network (ANN) structures, ANFIS structure which has given the best results was selected. The parameters analytically estimated and those predicted were given in the form of figures. The root mean-squared error (RMSE) was found to be 0.0001 which is quite low. ANFIS approach has given a superior outcome in the prediction of the Physical Properties of Almond Nuts.     

Neuroprotective activity of galloylated cyanogenic glucosides and hydrolysable tannins isolated from leaves of Phyllagathis rotundifolia

The galloylated cyanogenic glucosides based on prunasin (1-7), gallotannins (8-14), ellagitannins (15-17), ellagic acid derivatives (18, 19) and gallic acid (20) isolated from the leaves of Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Melastomataceae) were investigated for their neuroprotective activity against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 hybridoma cell line. Among these compounds, the gallotannins and ellagitannins exhibited remarkable neuroprotective activities against oxidative damage in vitro as compared to galloylated cyanogenic glucosides and ellagic acid derivatives in a dose-dependent manner. They could be explored further as potential natural neuroprotectors in various remedies of neurodegenerative diseases.     

额尔齐斯河贝加尔雅罗鱼单殖吸虫群落多样性及感染情况

研究贝加尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus baicalensis)感染的单殖吸虫的群落多样性及感染情况,为额尔齐斯河鱼类寄生虫病防治提供基础资料。2009年8月到2016年7月,剖检贝加尔雅罗鱼296尾,共感染了6种单殖吸虫,分别为号筒指环虫(Dactylogyrus tuba Linstow,1878)、双髻指环虫(D. sphyra Linstow, 1878)、小刺指环虫（D. micracanthus Nybelin,1937）、多小枝指环虫（D. ramulosus Malewitzkaja,1941）、普氏三代虫（Gyrodactylus prostate Erergns,1963）和斯氏拟双身虫（Paradiplozoon skrjabini Achmerov,1974）;贝加尔雅罗鱼单殖吸虫的总感染率为20.27 %,平均感染强度为3.05只/尾(1~18只/尾),平均感染丰度为(0.62±2)只/尾;混合感染率相对较低,仅占2.36%;各单殖吸虫的感染率均小于10%,平均感染强度均小于5,其中小刺指环虫为优势种;在5个体长段中,在14cm≤L＜16cm体长段感染单殖吸虫的种类、感染率及感染强度均达到最高;体长段之间的多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数结果相差不大,不同体长段宿主中单殖吸虫种群的分布类型均为聚集分布;体长段14cm≤L＜16cm与16cm≤L感染强度差异显著,其余体长段之间的感染强度差异均不显著。