基于GIS的陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划

利用陕西省96个县（区、市）气象站及周边省份临近气象站近30 a（1981—2010年）气象观测资料,辅以经订正后的各县气象哨和水文站观测数据,在对国内外葡萄区划指标分析基础上,确定以≥10℃活动积温为一级指标,酿酒葡萄成熟期8—9月水热系数为二级指标,冬季埋土防寒线、9月降水为辅助指标作为陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划指标。基于GIS技术,利用小网格推算模型对区划指标空间化后,采用主从叠代方法,制作陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划图。结果表明,陕西省酿酒葡萄种植可分为4个气候区和12个气候亚区,自兴平以东的关中东部海拔900 m以下地区是陕西省种植酿酒葡萄的最优区;对各区酿酒葡萄生产的气候因子进行了评价,提出了相应的生产建议。     

哈茨木霉对水稻恶苗病菌的拮抗作用

PDA平板拮抗试验表明 ,哈茨木霉对水稻恶苗病菌有强烈的拮抗作用 ,其孢子悬浮液的含孢量为 10⁶～10⁷个 /mL时 ,对恶苗病菌的抑制力达 92.33%。通过哈茨木霉菌液和 3种药剂对水稻恶苗病菌抑制效果的比较 ,哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液含孢量为 10⁷个 /mL与施保克质量浓度 1μg/mL的抑菌效果接近 ,分别为 76.7%、75.4%。显微摄影结果显示 ,哈茨木霉以附着胞附着在恶苗病菌菌丝上 ,然后穿透菌丝在其内生长 ,或与恶苗病菌的菌丝平行生长 ,然后再侵入病菌内寄生。     

Study on the Changes of Reproductive Hormone and Regulation of Follicle Development During the Reproductive Cycle of Yili Goose in Xinjiang

This experiment was aimed to study the changes of reproductive hormone and regulation of follicle development during the reproductive cycle of Yili goose in Xinjiang. 2 years old Yili goose were chosen which were in good health and similar weight. 32 samples were randomly selected to take blood samples for hormone detection during the laying, broodiness and ceased periods, and 15 samples were randomly selected to gather ovarian tissue for the observation of the development of ovary and follicular. The results showed that during the laying period, the GnRH of the Yili goose was extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 16.78% and 58.29% (P<0.01);PRL was significantly lower than the broodiness period of 13.00% (P<0.05), and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 28.94% (P<0.01); FSH was higher than the broodiness period of 6.98% (P>0.05),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 21.12% (P<0.01); LH was extremely significantly lower than the broodiness period of 8.38% (P<0.01),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 16.84% (P<0.01); E₂ were extremely significantly higher than that the broodiness and ceased periods of 29.80% and 112.40% (P<0.01); P₄ levels were extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 28.89% and 30.34% (P<0.01). The ovary volume and weight of Yili goose were extremely significantly higher than that of broodiness and ceased periods (P<0.01). In the laying period, the mature follicles of Yili goose were significantly larger than that of the broodiness and resting periods, the number of secondary follicles was more and the number of primary follicles was lesser. Ovarian growth and mature follicle atresia, granule layer shrinkage, inward depression, cytoplasmic cavity, follicular atrophy at all levels in the broodiness period. The follicle cytoplasmic cavity of the ovary was larger in the ceased period than broodiness period, and inward concave further deeper, a large number of primordial follicles evenly arranged. Thus, during the laying period, the responses of GnRH, E₂ and LH of Yili goose were active and played a leading role on the development of ovarian and follicular. PRL and LH maintained a high level of secretion, cooperated to maintain the broodiness behavior during the broodiness period.     

灰茶尺蠖触角感器的扫描电镜观察

使用扫描电子显微镜对灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens成虫触角感器的种类、形态和分布进行了观察。结果表明:灰茶尺蠖触角上主要存在3种感器,分别为毛形感器(sensilla trichodea, ST)、刺形感器(sensilla chaetica, SC)和栓锥形感器(sensilla styloconica, SS)。感器的种类和分布在雌雄成虫触角上没有差异。     

氯康唑类似物的合成及抑菌活性

为了发现更多抑菌活性优于抗菌药物盐酸氯康唑的化合物,在盐酸氯康唑的结构基础上,设计、合成了其类似物,并进行了抑菌活性测定。以芝麻酚为原料,经过酰化、1,2,4-三氮唑基团的引入以及醚化3步反应,合成了19个新型氯康唑类似物4a~4s。所有目标化合物的结构均经过1H NMR、13C NMR和ESI-MS等确认。采用抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对水稻稻瘟病菌、番茄早疫病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌、玉米弯孢病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦赤霉病菌和棉花枯萎病菌7种植物源病原真菌的抑制活性,并进一步测定了部分化合物的EC50值。结果显示,在50 μg/mL时,大多数目标化合物对供试菌株表现出不同程度的抑制作用。其中,化合物4d和4m对番茄早疫病菌的EC50值分别为6.28和4.61 μg/mL,4m对烟草赤星病菌的EC50值3.58 μg/mL,与对照药剂腈菌唑（对番茄早疫病菌和烟草赤星病菌的EC50值分别为1.63和1.05 μg/mL）在同一数量级,具有开发为新型抗菌药物的潜能。     

高通量测序分析中国沙棘根瘤与根际土壤细菌多样性

以中国沙棘根瘤和其根际土壤为材料,采用高通量测序技术,分析沙棘根瘤内生细菌与根际土壤细菌的多样性差异,探究沙棘根瘤中引起根部瘤状突起的以弗兰克氏菌(Frankia)为主的沙棘根瘤内生细菌的来源。结果表明:沙棘根瘤中检测到的内生细菌归属于10门23纲45目76科和93属,其中,优势菌门为Actinobacteria和Proteobacteria,优势菌属为Frankia。在沙棘根际土壤中检测到的细菌归属于39门84纲156目280科和409属,其中,优势菌门为Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Acidobacteria,优势菌属为Gaiella、Bacillus、Solirubrobacter、Arthrobacter和Stenotrophomonas。可见,中国沙棘根际土壤细菌多样性要高于根瘤内生细菌多样性,沙棘根瘤内生细菌与根际土壤细菌的群落结构既有相似性又存在差异,其中,在根瘤中占优势的Frankia在根际土壤中虽也存在但相对丰度较小,仅为0.02%。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在我国的登记用量分析

为探究嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸复合暴露后对水体生物早期发育的影响,采用半静态试验法,测定了等毒性配比的嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸二元混合体系复合暴露对水生模式生物斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的发育毒性及对相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：经不同质量浓度的嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸(0.1 + 0.2、0.25 + 0.5、0.5 + 1.0和1.0 + 2.0 mg/L) (其中硒代蛋氨酸按硒元素的质量计,下同)复合暴露后,胚胎出现自主运动次数减少、孵化率降低、死亡率增加及心率下降现象,同时仔鱼体长受到显著抑制,且呈现明显的时间-剂量-效应关系;与对照组相比,在嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸不同质量浓度(0.0005 + 0.001、0.005 + 0.01和0.05 + 0.1 mg/L)复合暴露下,斑马鱼仔鱼体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,且高浓度复合暴露组(0.05 + 0.1 mg/L)的抑制作用最显著(P < 0.01),而对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则无显著影响;与对照组相比,高浓度复合暴露组显著抑制了线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅲ的活性(P < 0.05),而其余浓度复合暴露组差异不显著。研究结果表明,经嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸不同质量浓度复合暴露(0.1 + 0.2、0.25 + 0.5、0.5 + 1.0和1.0 + 2.0 mg/L)后,会对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育产生毒性效应,但在目前自然水体环境实际浓度水平下,除了抑制CAT活性外,尚不会产生其他毒性效应。以上研究结果可以为水体环境中嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸浓度监测及复合暴露的生态风险评估提供数据支撑。     

红叶石楠叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

红叶石楠是我国园林绿化常用的彩叶树种。近来,安徽合肥市红叶石楠叶斑病发生严重,导致叶片枯萎脱落甚至植株死亡,严重影响其观赏价值。为科学防控红叶石楠叶斑病,对其病原菌种类和生物学特性进行了研究。本研究采用组织分离法获得红叶石楠叶斑病的病原菌,并通过显微形态观察结合系统发育树的方法,最终将其病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora。生物学特性测定结果表明:适宜菌丝生长的最佳碳源和最佳氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨,最适生长温度和pH分别为25℃和6。研究结果为该病害的正确诊断提供了较为可靠的科学依据。     

广西片形吸虫中间宿主—小土窝螺线粒体rrnL基因遗传多态性研究

为研究广西小土窝螺不同地理株线粒体大亚基（large subunit ribosomal rRNA,rrnL）基因的遗传多态性,对广西大片吸虫6个流行地区96个小土窝螺样品的rrnL基因进行PCR扩增,通过单链构象多态性（single strand conformation polymorphism,SSCP）技术筛选出具有代表性的样品进行克隆、测序,并用DNAStar 5.0及MEGA 4.0软件加以比对分析。结果显示,6个地区小土窝螺rrnL基因PCR扩增长度约500 bp,在长度为273 bp的序列中检测到15个变异位点,占核苷酸总数的5.49%。百色、南宁和桂林3个地区相同地理株间存在较大的遗传差异。种系发育分析表明,线粒体rrnL基因在一定程度上不是研究小土窝螺种群遗传变异的良好分子标记。本研究为阐明片形吸虫中间宿主—小土窝螺的种群遗传关系提供了基础数据。     

青藏高原几种高山植物的光合生理特性

以14种高寒草甸植物为材料,研究分析植物叶片的光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数,以探究高寒草甸植物适应青藏高原极端环境的光合生理机制。结果表明,黄花鸢尾(Iris pseudoacorus)、美丽风毛菊(Saussurea pulchra)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)和天蓝苜蓿(Medicago lupulina)叶片的单位面积叶绿素含量分别比黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)高284.83%、200.56%、171.35%和148.31%,叶片PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量分别高79.99%、73.94%、68.37%和63.90%,叶片PSⅡ实际光化学效率也具有相同的变化趋势;而黄花鸢尾、美丽风毛菊、兰石草(Lancea tibetica)和麻花艽(Gentiana straminea)叶片的单位叶面积类胡萝卜素含量分别比天蓝苜蓿高393.93%、348.48%、260.61%和233.33%,其叶片的非光化学猝灭也显著高于天蓝苜蓿;黄帚橐吾、珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparnm）和柔软紫苑(Aster flaccidus)叶片的叶绿素a/b值高于2.91,能适应较强光照,而天蓝苜蓿叶片的叶绿素a/b值小于2.5,常生长于植被下层,说明植物能够通过调整光合色素含量和构成而合理有效地利用光能以适应特殊的环境条件。