Impacts of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations and soil water on the population dynamics,fecundity and development of the bird cherry-oat aphid<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhopalosiphum padi</Emphasis>

The impacts of elevated CO₂ and soil water on the population dynamics, adult fecundity and nymphal period of the bird cherry-oat aphidRhopalsiphum padi (Linnaeus) were evaluated in three experiments: (i)Combined effects of CO ₂ and soil water on aphid populations. Spring wheat was grown in pots at three CO₂ concentrations (350, 550 and 700 ppm) and three soil water levels (40%, 60% and 80% of field water capacity, FWC) in field open-top chambers (OTC) and infested with the bird cherry-oat aphid. Aphid population dynamics were recorded throughout the growing season; at the same time, adult fecundity and duration of the nymphal period were recorded. Chemical composition of spring wheat leaves was also analyzed. (ii)Indirect effects of CO ₂ concentrations and soil water on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. The experiment was conducted with the leaf discs method in the laboratory. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the treated wheat in OTC with different CO₂ and soil water levels. (iii)Direct effects of CO ₂ concentrations on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the wheat grown under natural conditions. The experiment was conducted with the leaf disc method in OTC with the three CO₂ concentrations. It was found that the direct effect of CO₂ concentration on aphid population parameters was minor. CO₂ and soil water affected aphid population indirectly through their effects on wheat characteristics. The aphid population under 550 ppm CO₂ was far larger than the one under 350 ppm CO₂, whereas the population under 700 ppm CO₂ was slightly higher than that under 550 ppm CO₂. The largest aphid population was obtained with the 60% soil water treatment, regardless of CO₂ treatment. The effects of CO₂ concentration on aphid population were, however, not significantly correlated with soil water level. Adult fecundity increased with CO₂ concentration, the highest fecundity being achieved under 60% FWC treatments. The nymphal period was not affected by CO₂ concentration. The shortest period occurred under 60% FWC. Atmospheric CO₂ and soil water had significant effects on the chemical composition of the wheat leaves. Aphid population size was positively correlated with leaf water content, concentrations of soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and starch, and negatively correlated with DIMBOA and tannins concentrations. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 20, 2003.     

覆盖措施对夏玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

田间试验地表覆膜和覆草对夏玉米生长、物质分配和养分吸收利用的影响.结果表明:在夏玉米全生育期降雨量大(但玉米生育初期降雨量相对小)的年份,采用秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖措施能提高夏玉米各时期干物质累积量,具有显著的增产效果,氮肥利用率明显提高.氮携出量比常规对照增加,但叶片氮素残留量较大,覆盖措施对夏玉米干物质的分配和收获指数无显著影响.     

玉米杂交种尖玉999的选育

玉米新品种尖玉999系2004年冬在海南三亚用玉米自交系QA 287和金竹106组配而成的单交种,通过各级试验结果表明:该杂交种具有高产、稳产、优质、多抗的特点。     

新疆阜康荒地土壤有机质高光谱特征及其反演模型研究

针对干旱区荒地土壤贫瘠且有机质含量少,难以快速、准确测定的问题,以阜康中部荒地土壤为研究对象,对64个样点野外光谱进行测定和室内土壤样品农化分析,在原始反射率(R)基础上,利用ENVI5.1软件提取光谱反射率一阶微分(R')、倒数的对数(lg(1/A))、倒数的对数一阶微分(lg(1/A)')、去包络线(CR)等4种光谱反射率,分析了5种光谱反射率的变换形式与土壤有机质含量的相关性,基于全波段(450～2 350 nm)和显著性波段(相关系数通过P=0.01水平检验),利用偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)建立土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测模型。结果表明:(1)对不同有机质含量的土壤光谱去包络线后,光谱曲线吸收特征差异更加显著,且土壤有机质含量越多,土壤光谱反射率越低。(2)土壤反射率经过数学变换后提高了与有机质含量的相关系数。(3)在全波段的PLSR中,CR、R'和lg(1/R)'模型的RPD均大于2.0,表明预测能力极好。其中以CR的预测精度最为突出,其模型R2和RMSE分别为0.79、4.12,RPD为2.18。在显著性波段的PLSR中,虽然R'和CR的模型RPD均大于2.0,可以准确预测有机质含量,但CR的R2,RPD更高;基于全波段PLSR模型精度均略优于显著性波段,但其使用数据量大,增加了计算量。同时,其CR模型的RPD仅比显著性波段模型的高0.03。因此,选择显著性波段CR模型作为估测该荒地土壤有机质含量的模型更为简洁、科学、可行。     

溴氰菊酯降解菌的分离筛选与应用潜力评价

为解决杀虫剂溴氰菊酯的残留污染问题及丰富其降解菌资源库,采用富集培养法,从长期被溴氰菊酯污染的土壤中分离筛选到1株高效降解菌株XQ08,经形态学特征、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定其为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,并对菌株发酵条件、菌剂制备方法及应用潜力进行了初步研究。结果表明:在纯培养条件下,XQ08菌株5 d内对50 mg/L溴氰菊酯的降解率可达66.76%;在35 ℃、pH=8及以麦芽糖为碳源、氯化铵为氮源的条件下可获得理想的发酵效果,同时明确了XQ08液体菌剂的制备方法。分别在室内盆栽与田间种植的香菜上喷施高剂量 (推荐剂量10倍,有效成分6.25 g/hm2) 的25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油,于施药后2、24和48 h施用XQ08菌剂,3、5、7和9 d后,香菜上溴氰菊酯的降解率分别超过20%、50%、60%及70%;7 d后施用菌剂处理组溴氰菊酯残留量均低于0.5 mg/kg,9 d后残留量均低于0.2 mg/kg。本研究首次报道了嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对溴氰菊酯的降解,发现其XQ08菌剂可有效促进溴氰菊酯的降解,且其降解符合一级动力学特征。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌XQ08菌株能有效降低或清除蔬菜上的溴氰菊酯残留,具有较好的应用潜力和开发价值。     

永定县棋盘石景观资源分类评价及规划思路

通过对永定县棋盘石景观资源调查分析表明:发展生态旅游是建立资源保护与利用相结合的最佳模式之一。文章依据景观资源现状进行分类与评价,针对生态旅游开发中存在的问题,提出了发展棋盘石生态旅游的思路与对策。     

准噶尔盆地南缘降水脉冲量级分布及其变化规律

对干旱区降水脉冲发生规律的分析,将为理解荒漠生态系统结构与功能提供新的视野。选择准噶尔盆地南缘的温泉、精河、乌苏、蔡家湖、奇台和巴里坤6个气象站近50多年的逐日降水资料,分析不同量级降水脉冲对年总降水频次和降水量的贡献以及变化规律。结果表明：小降水脉冲（≤5 mm）占到全年总降水频次87.5%,而大降水脉冲（>10 mm）只占到了4.3%。然而,小降水脉冲对年降水量的贡献为47.5%,大降水脉冲却贡献26.6%。近50多年来,准噶尔盆地南缘的年降水量有显著增加,但是,年降水频次的变化却不显著。这可以归结为小脉冲呈下降趋势,而大脉冲则显著增加。总之,近50多年来,准噶尔盆地南缘的降水脉冲在放大。     

川西坳陷沙溪庙组砂体特征与连通性评价——以平落坝构造为例

川西坳陷位于四川盆地中西部,是印支期以来龙门山挤压推覆所形成的平行于龙门山造山带的西陡东缓不对称箕状形态的前陆盆地.中侏罗统沙溪庙组为川西坳陷重要的气藏层段,砂体连通性是控制气藏成藏的主要因素.平落坝构造处于川西坳陷南部前陆逆冲推覆带与前陆盆地之间的区域,为呈北东走向西南端略窄而东北端稍宽的长轴背斜.应用平落坝构造沙溪庙组的砂地比、沉积相、物性和含油气性等参数,开展储层砂体特征及连通性的分析和空间分布评价,探讨砂体连通性对天然气运聚的影响.川西坳陷沙溪庙组发育河-湖三角洲分流河道和河口坝沉积的多层薄砂体,纵横向分布不稳定;平落坝构造沙溪庙组连通性砂体的评价参数砂地比≥20％且孔隙度≥4％,钻井测试为气层或含气显示;连通性砂体构成了浅层输导格架,影响天然气的运聚和调整.     

Transcriptome sequencing of black and white hair follicles in the giant panda

With the completion of the draft assembly of the giant panda genome sequence, RNA sequencing technology has been widely used in genetic research on giant pandas. We used RNA-seq to examine black and white hair follicle samples from adult pandas. By comparison with the giant panda genome, 75 963 SNP loci were labeled, 2426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and 2029 new genes were discovered, among which 631 were functionally annotated. A cluster analysis of the DEGs showed that they were mainly related to the Wnt signaling pathway, ECM–receptor interaction, the p53 signaling pathway, and ribosome processing. The enrichment results showed that there were significant differences in the regulatory networks of hair follicles with different colors during the transitional stage of hair follicle resting growth, which may play a regulatory role in melanin synthesis during growth. In conclusion, our results provide new insights and more data support for research on the color formation in giant pandas.