基于数据包络分析的灌区农业生产综合效率评价与分析

为评价中国灌区农业生产综合效率的空间差异性,采用数据包络分析(Data envelopment analysis,DEA)方法对全国440个灌区2010年的农业生产综合相对效率进行评估,并基于不同区域灌区农业生产投入及其冗余状况对生产效率提升途径进行探索。结果表明,8个灌区的相对效率为1.000,达到DEA有效;灌区间农业生产效率差异显著,绝大部分(327个)不足0.300,省区尺度生产效率无明显空间分布规律;各投入指标对应存在冗余灌区个数分别为319(有效灌溉面积)、369(绿水)、155(蓝水)、298(化肥)及207(农业机械);非DEA有效灌区5个投入指标的可减少量占所有评价单元投入总量的比例分别为23.8%、39.2%、18.1%、29.0%以及19.9%。综上可知,各非DEA有效灌区应根据自身投入指标冗余状况优化配置和管理资源以提高区域综合农业生产效率,其中绿水资源高效利用是全国范围内广泛面临的问题;东北和西北地区需注重水土资源配置效率提升,而南方粮食主产区应注重水肥高效利用机制的研究与实践。     

滴灌施肥对加工番茄产量和品质的影响

为了寻求滴灌施肥条件下连作加工番茄持续优质高产平衡施肥方案,以番茄为材料,采用"3414"优化试验方法,分析了滴灌平衡施肥对加工番茄生长发育、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,滴灌施肥条件下,增施氮、磷、钾肥和配施微肥明显促进番茄生长发育;增磷和配施微肥显著提高产投比,实现增收;增氮、增钾的增产效果不显著,但减氮、减钾显著降低了产量;增钾、配施微肥显著提高加工番茄品质,尤其在提高番茄糖酸比,降低硝酸盐量积累,促进可溶性固形物的形成及改良色差等方面成效显著。滴灌施肥条件下,增施磷、钾肥,配施微肥对连作加工番茄具有显著的增产提质作用。     

赣中北“油稻稻”三熟制下头季稻叶片衰老频度对再生稻再生力的影响

为研究三熟制条件下适合种植的再生稻品种及头季叶片衰老频度对再生力特性的影响,在大田试验条件下,以10个杂交水稻品种为材料,比较分析了这些品种的再生力、再生季产量及头季衰老强度等若干性状。结果表明,头季不同品种结实率与再生季再生力呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.620,头季千粒重、叶干质量下降率、叶绿素含量下降率、产量与再生季再生力呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.522、-0.516、-0.637、-0.676。再生季有效穗数与再生力呈显著正相关关系,与活芽率呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.757和-0.615。头季结实率、叶片叶绿素含量、产量,以及再生季有效穗数和千粒重是影响再生力的重要因素。综合两季产量和再生力特性来看,深两优5814、C两优608、准两优608、丰两优香1号等4个品种可以作为再生稻在江西中北部的三熟制条件下种植。     

不同灌溉模式下小麦荧光特征及品种抗旱性研究

为探讨低平原区节水灌溉模式和筛选高产节水品种,在2014-2015和2015-2016两个小麦生长季,采用裂区试验,以5个灌溉模式(春季灌溉0、1、2、3和4水,分别用W_0～W_4表示)作为主处理,以3个当地主推冬小麦品种(衡观35、石4185和衡4399)作为副处理,研究了不同灌溉模式对小麦产量、叶绿素荧光特征参数、水分利用效率等的影响及荧光特征与品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明,随灌溉量和灌溉次数的增加,小麦产量非线性增加,但不同年份表现有所不同,2014-2015年以W_2处理产量最高,2015-2016年以W_4处理产量最高;灌溉提高了PSⅡ的潜在活性F_v/F_o和原初光能转化效率F_v/F_m,但F_o却降低。不同品种对灌水的反应特性不同,且存在年际间差异,两年平均产量以衡4399最高,石4185最低;随灌溉量的增加,衡4399和衡观35产量变化幅度较小,而石4185的产量变化幅度相对较大。从荧光特征参数看,石4185受水分胁迫的影响大,在灌浆后期,其不灌溉处理(W_0)的荧光参数F_o相对于灌溉处理的增加幅度高于衡4399和衡观35,但F_m、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o在不灌溉情况下的降低幅度也相对较大,说明石4185的抗旱性差。从水分利用效率看,以W_2处理较好。因此在本试验条件下,衡4399和衡观35的增产潜力大,抗旱性好,春季灌2水可达到节水高产和水分利用效率提高的目的。     

Properties of polymers as a nanoscale material for fibers in leather

Hyperbranched polymers, an innovative class of nano-polymers, could enhance the properties of fibers owning to their unique structures. In this study, the ester compound (HPAE) of 3-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propionic acid and pentaerythritol was treated with undecylenic acid to obtain novel hyperbranched multiterminal alkenyl polymers (HPAE-UAs). The sizes of the HPAE-UAs could be controlled conveniently from 400 to 1300 nm by adjusting the capped fraction of the hydroxyl groups with undecylenic acids. The molecular structures of HPAE-UAs were characterized by means of FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. Then, the effect of the HPAE-UAs on the structures, thermal, and mechanical properties of the wet blue leather were investigated. TEM and SEM demonstrated that the spacing between fibers was enlarged. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the residual volume of leather could reach up to 30.3 % at about 500 °C. Furthermore, the shrinkage temperature increased to 89.4 °C. It was found that the HPAE-UAs used in leather could improve the thermal performance, physical and mechanical properties. All of these results indicate that HPAE-UAs can be used as a fatliquor with retanning in leather process.     

夜间补光对小麦叶片激素含量及光合特性的影响

为探究夜间补光对小麦生育后期的调控作用,以冬小麦品种豫农186为材料,以自然光照时间为对照,在小麦抽穗后设置夜间人工补光2h、4h和6h三个处理,研究补光时间对小麦叶片内源激素含量、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,夜间补光可增加小麦叶面积及旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,以补光6h的效果最显著。与自然对照相比,夜间补光显著增加旗叶GA3、IAA、ZR含量,且激素含量的升高幅度随补光时间的延长而增加,但ABA含量受影响较小。夜间补光能显著提高灌浆前期和中期籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重和产量,其中补光6h处理的最大灌浆速率比自然对照增大16.21%,产量提高14.07%。说明小麦抽穗后适当延长光照时间有利于叶片的生长发育,可提高激素含量和光合效率,促进籽粒灌浆,增加产量。     

Enzymatic treatment on cotton fibers: degradation kinetics of pectin and influence of shape change on adsorption

Alkaline pectinase was one of the most effective enzymes to treat cotton as alternative agent to replace the conventional alkaline method. Removal of pectin and cutin was considered the explanation for improvement of wettability as well as water adsorption on cotton fiber. However, degradation kinetics of pectin is unclear, and the influence of fiber shape on property changes after enzymatic treatment was ignored. The main objective of this work was to reveal interactions between pectinase and cotton fiber for mechanism study. A heterogeneous catalysis kinetic equation, which is associated with Langmuir adsorption model and enzyme deactivation, was used to describe the heterogeneous catalysis. The enzymatic process conditions were optimized. Raw cotton fibers, pectinase-treated and alkali-treated fibers were characterized by impurities content determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanism of water adsorption enhancement on treated fibers was discussed. In addition to elimination of the outer impurities, flat fibers with less twist and shape changes of lumen were also obtained to ensure better accessibility and water adsorption after enzymatic treatment.     

基于关键气象因子的辽宁省水稻产量动态预报

利用辽宁省33个气象站点1993—2012年水稻产量、生育期内的旬平均气温、旬降水量及旬日照时数等资料,应用统计分析方法建立水稻的产量动态预报模型。使用5年滑动平均法分离水稻趋势产量,分析气象产量与水稻生育期内逐旬气象要素的相关性,确定5月上旬平均气温、5月下旬平均气温、6月下旬降水量、7月下旬降水量、8月上旬日照时数、9月中旬平均气温和9月下旬日照时数为关键气象因子,建立水稻产量动态预报模型,并对预报结果进行验证。结果表明:对1993—2012年进行模拟预报及回代检验,平均准确率在93%以上;对2013年的产量进行预报,准确率为93.97%~99.67%,预报准确率较高。预测结果基本可以反映水稻产量的变化情况,能够满足业务服务的需要。     

2种低毒杀虫剂防治水稻粘虫示范试验

为合理使用低毒农药防治水稻粘虫,2015年7月在广西乐业县同乐镇和甘田镇进行25%灭幼脲悬浮剂和2.2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂防治粘虫大田示范试验。结果表明:施药后17 d,核心区25%灭幼脲对粘虫的防治效果和保叶率分别为96.19%和94.73%,在培训指导农民防治示范区的防效分别为93.50%和95.10%;施药后10 d,核心区2.2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对粘虫的防治效果和保叶率分别为96.61%和97.35%,在培训指导农民防治示范区的防效分别为90.07%和89.59%。25%灭幼脲和2.2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐处理区对粘虫的防效均要高于农民自防区。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsLAP6/OsPKS1</Emphasis>, an orthologue of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6</Emphasis>, is critical for proper pollen exine formation

Background

Male fertility is crucial for rice yield, and the improvement of rice yield requires hybrid production that depends on male sterile lines. Although recent studies have revealed several important genes in male reproductive development, our understanding of the mechanisms of rice pollen development remains unclear.

Results

We identified a rice mutant oslap6 with complete male sterile phenotype caused by defects in pollen exine formation. By using the MutMap method, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation located in the second exon of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6, which functions in sporopollenin metabolism. Several other loss-of-function mutants of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing tool also exhibited the same phenotype of male sterility. Our cellular analysis suggested that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 might regulate pollen exine formation by affecting bacula elongation. Expression examination indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is specifically expressed in tapetum, and its product is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Protein sequence analysis indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is conserved in land plants.

Conclusions

OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is a critical molecular switch for rice male fertility by participating in a conserved sporopollenin precursor biosynthetic pathway in land plants. Manipulation of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 has potential for application in hybrid rice breeding.