Effect of Steeping Conditions on Wet-Milling Characteristics of Hard Red Winter Wheat

A batch-wise small-scale wet-processing laboratory for whole wheat kernel has been designed and constructed to produce wheat starch and gluten from wheat grains. Hard red winter wheat kernels were steeped in three steeping media: SO₂ solution, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Acid concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%, were used for SO₂ solutions and hydrochloric acid, and 0.1, 0.6, and 3.0% for lactic acid. After 16, 20, and 24 hr of steeping, the wheat was wet-milled. Yields and protein contents of wet-milling fractions were compared. Both high concentration of steeping media and long steeping time increased the starch yield and decreased the protein contents of the starch. However, the steeping time and acid concentration could be reduced from 24 to 20 hr and from 0.5 to 0.3%, respectively, without any statistically significant difference in starch yields or protein contents of the starch. Consistency and color of the starch were affected by both steeping time and acid concentrations of steeping media.     

库布齐沙漠东部植被恢复对土壤生态化学计量的影响

为阐明植被恢复对风沙土生态化学计量特征的影响,以库布齐沙漠东段流动沙地、半固定沙地、油蒿固定沙地和沙柳固定沙地为研究对象,分析植被生物量和不同深度土层（0～60 cm）土壤C、N、P化学计量特征时空变化及其相关性。结果表明：（1）土壤C、N含量随植被恢复明显增加,而土壤P含量增幅较小,均在沙柳固定沙地达到最大值(5.86 g·kg^-1、0.41 g·kg^-1、1.74 g·kg^-1),各阶段土壤C、N、P含量均随土层加深逐渐降低,土壤P含量在各土层间差异较小。（2）不同阶段或土层间土壤化学计量比差异显著,随植被恢复土壤C:N先减小后增大,而C:P和N:P均逐渐增大,土壤C:P和N:P均随土层加深逐渐减小,而C:N则无明显变化规律。（3）土壤C、N、P两两间呈极显著正相关,均与地上和凋落物生物量呈显著正相关,土壤C:N与C:P、N:P均无显著相关关系,而土壤C:P与N:P呈显著正相关,且土壤C:P和N:P均与地上、地下和凋落物生物量呈显著正相关。综上所述,人工建植促进植被恢复可显著影响土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量特征,进而...     

六偏磷酸钠对魔芋葡甘聚糖干法改性研究

用六偏磷酸钠对魔芋葡甘聚糖进行干法改性。结果表明,反应最佳条件为六偏磷酸钠：魔芋葡甘聚糖＝１：８（Ｗ／Ｗ）,在ｐＨ１,５５℃反应１．５ｈ。其透明度,粘度,冻融稳定性均比对照明显改善;水溶胶具有一定的耐酸、耐高温能力,具有相当的抑菌效果。     

马铃薯32 kD抗菌蛋白的cDNA分子克隆研究

以马铃薯抗青枯病品种为试验材料,采用ｍＲＮＡ微量制备和ｃＤＮＡ快速合成系统,以噬菌体λｇｔ１１为载体,构建ｃＤＮＡ表达文库。以３２ｋＤ抗菌蛋白ＡＰＩ抗体为探针,采用免疫杂交技术筛选得到了阳性克隆。     

基于无人机遥感与随机森林的荒漠草原植被分类方法

荒漠草原是草原中最旱生的类型,属于草原的极限生态状态,也是气候变化和生态系统演变的预警区。利用无人机高光谱遥感技术快速、准确地提取荒漠草原草地植被类型,对动态监测草原生态安全和合理开发草地畜牧业具有重要意义。以无人机搭载高光谱成像系统采集内蒙古荒漠草原遥感图像,获得具有高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率的图像;通过光谱连续统去除变换,增强草地植被之间的光谱差异,并构建植被指数;采用分步波段选择法选择荒漠草原植被的特征波段,实现高光谱数据降维;构建融合光谱特征、植被特征、地形特征和纹理特征等24个变量的随机森林分类模型,并与支持向量机（SVM）、K-最近邻（KNN）和最大似然分类（MLC）法进行比较。结果表明,在4种分类方法中随机森林分类算法分类效果最好,总体分类精度达到91.06%,比SVM、KNN和MLC等机器学习算法分别高7.9、15.61、18.33个百分点,Kappa系数达到0.90,比SVM、KNN和MLC算法分别高0.13、0.23和0.26。无人机高光谱低空遥感和随机森林算法的结合为荒漠草原草地植被分类提供了新途径。     

Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books

We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of 'culturomics,' focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities.     

国医大师孙光荣论中西医学文化的比较

中西医学分属于不同的医疗体系,认识其差异,有利于寻求两者之间的共同点和交融的契合点,从而促进医学的发展。国医大师孙光荣通过系统的对比,得出两者之间在学科属性、医疗模式、诊疗思维、发展特点、治疗特点五个方面存在较大的差异。从学科属性而言,中医学具有自然科学与社会科学的双重属性,西医学则属于单纯的自然科学;从医疗模式而言,中医学为整体医学模式,西医学为生物医学模式或生物-心理-社会医学模式;从诊疗思维而言,中医学是包容性思维,主张非定点清除致病因子,西医学则是对抗性思维,主张定点清除致病因子;从发展特点而言,中西医学呈现出起点高、发展慢与起步晚、发展快两种截然相反的状态;从治疗特点而言,中医学以"观其脉证,知犯何逆,随证治之"与"中和"为特点,西医学则强调数据支持,临床路径、介入和干预。     

贵州花江退化喀斯特植被不同恢复阶段土壤微生物生理类群数量变化

采集不同恢复阶段的土壤样品,采用微生物常规分析法测定土壤中氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维素分解菌及固氮菌的数量,研究退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中不同生境、不同层次及根际和非根际土壤微生物生理类群数量分布特征.试验结果表明:随着退化喀斯特植被的恢复,土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维素分解菌及固氮菌的数量明显上升,表现为乔木群落阶段＞灌木群落阶段＞草本群落阶段＞裸地阶段(P＜0.01);土壤剖面上土壤微生物数量均呈明显的垂直分布特征,即随土层深度的增加,呈递减趋势,具体表现为A层＞B层(P＜0.05).土壤微生物生理类群数量的分布特征在不同生境间表现为:除裸地恢复阶段外,其它三个阶段总体上表现为石沟比石槽和土面两个小生境偏大的特点,但各恢复阶段不同生境间差异不显著(P＞0.05);根际和根外变化明显,表现为根际＞非根际(P＜0.05).退化喀斯特植被恢复增加了土壤微生物生理类群数量,使土壤质量得以提高.     

Technical efficiency of different farm sizes for tilapia farming in China

China is the world's largest tilapia producer. This study uses the stochastic frontier function in the Cobb–Douglas model to evaluate a production frontier for tilapia aquaculture and analyses the relationship between farm size and production efficiency in China. A random sample of 300 tilapia farmers was surveyed in the main tilapia‐producing areas to study their economic efficiencies. The percentage distribution of tilapia farm technical efficiency was determined, with an average efficiency of 79%, which showed that the sample tilapia farmers operate at 21% below the production frontier and hence that they still have a chance to achieve targeted yields. The technical efficiencies of two categories (≤1 ha and >1 ha) were 78.82% and 79.27% respectively. A second‐stage analysis investigated the relationship between farm size and technical efficiency and showed a positive relationship between farm size and production efficiency based on the ordinary least‐squares model. The optimal farm size was found to be 7.50 ha. This study proposes strategies such as enlarging the farming scale moderately, thereby achieving the advantage of economies of scale, and enhancing the competitiveness of the tilapia industry in China.     

小麦秆锈菌生理小种鉴别寄主及命名方法的演变

为了监测小麦秆锈菌生理小种变化动态及其毒力变异规律,为预防Ug99入侵并开展相应抗源筛选创新提供参考,全面介绍了国内外不同时期小麦秆锈菌生理小种的鉴别寄主及相应的小种命名法的演变情况：(1)Stakman′s标准鉴别寄主与小种命名;(2)Roelfs单基因鉴定法的鉴别寄主与小种命名;(3)中国当前和以后拟采用的小麦秆锈菌小种鉴定的鉴别寄主名称与小种命名。这些介绍将有助于小麦秆锈病研究者与育种学家间的信息交流。