兴隆热带花园生态设计研究与探讨

从热带雨林的恢复、生物多样性的保护及景观格局等多个层面,对兴隆热带花园这一新型热带植物园的生态设计进行分析,以期对生态设计实践有所帮助。     

高镉累积水稻对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究高镉累积水稻品种扬稻6号和玉珍香对镉污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过大田小区试验,测定6个不同生育期(返青、分蘖、孕穗、齐穗、蜡熟、完熟)5个部位(根、茎0～10 cm、茎10～20 cm、茎20 cm以上和谷)稻草的镉含量,开展高镉累积水稻镉累积规律、移除时间和移除高度研究。结果表明,水稻扬稻6号和玉珍香各部位镉含量随生育期的延长而增加,孕穗期增幅最大,完熟期达到最大值,在同一时期不同部位镉含量分布随株高呈递减趋势;完熟期,水稻品种扬稻6号和玉珍香的根、茎0～10 cm、茎10～20 cm、茎20 cm以上部分和谷中镉含量分别为19.3、11.8、9.4、8.1和3.9mg/kg与19.5、16.3、14.3、9.7和3.7 mg/kg,其对应的镉富集系数均大于1,对镉表现出高积累特性;稻草镉的移除含量在全育期均表现从大到小依次为整株收割、地上部全收割、离地10 cm收割、离地20 cm收割,完熟期整株移除情况下,扬稻6号稻草镉累积移除含量达1 652.11μg/株,玉珍香稻草镉累积移除含量达1 547.70μg/株;一年种植一季水稻扬稻6号和玉珍香,整株移除情况下土壤镉移除效率分别为9.1%和8.5%,地上部全移除情况下土壤镉移除效率分别为7.2%和7.1%。因此为兼顾水稻移除修复效果和可操作性,建议稻草在完熟后按地上部全收割的方式移除。研究结果可为镉污染稻田的植物修复治理提供新的思路。     

FAHP-GIS在FAST台址单体滑坡危险性评价中的应用

[目的]研究贵州省平塘县500 m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)工程台址光明顶滑坡的危险性及其区划,为该区及相似地区的滑坡灾害监测与防治提供参考依据。[方法]选取地形地貌、岩性岩组、地质构造、人类工程活动及灾害历史等作为一级评价指标,在此基础上发展二级评价指标,运用GIS技术构建基于模糊层次法(FAHP)的滑坡危险性评价指标体系,并完全参与对指标隶属度矩阵的运算,开展针对喀斯特单体滑坡危险性评价研究。[结果]光明顶坡体总体居于中危险和低危险水平,局部高危险,高危险区域主要位于1 H馈源塔和断层破碎带区域的3个支撑柱附近,高危险区约占研究区面积的4%。[结论]光明顶坡体存在安全隐患,已经对精密的射电望远镜设施的安全运行构成威胁。本文评价结果与实际情况基本相符,评价方法在单体滑坡危险性评价研究方面具有创新性,且可操作。     

种稻配施改良剂对苏打盐碱土-水-作物系统氟迁移的影响

为探讨化学改良剂对苏打盐碱土稻田生态系统中氟迁移的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究硫酸铝、脱硫石膏和有机复合改良剂作用下的土壤各形态氟含量变化,以及土壤氟向水体和地上部植株的迁移情况。结果表明,化学改良剂影响苏打盐碱土—水—作物系统中氟的迁移及生物有效性。种稻后各改良剂处理的土壤水溶态氟变化范围为8.33～20.90 mg/kg,与对照相比,均呈下降趋势,其中硫酸铝处理下降得最多,降低60.15%;可交换态氟和有机束缚态氟呈增加趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理增加得最多,分别为79.54%和86.37%;种稻前后铁锰氧化物结合态氟变化较复杂,其中硫酸铝处理无显著变化,对照处理和有机复合改良剂处理分别增加19.05%和42.03%,而脱硫石膏处理下降22.79%;残余态氟和总氟含量呈下降趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理的残余态氟降低得最多,为35.50%,硫酸铝处理的总氟降低得最少,为10.47%,其余处理降幅为12.50%～12.55%。在水稻种植过程中,土壤中氟向水中累积释放总量为对照>有机复合改良剂>脱硫石膏>硫酸铝,与对照相比,其他3个处理分别降低3.25%,5.13%和5.1...     

河南省干旱灾害的变化特征和成因分析

利用河南省历史干旱灾害统计资料和NCEP再分析资料,统计分析了河南旱灾变化特点,从气候背景角度对河南旱灾产生的原因进行了初步研究,以期能对提高气候预测水平和指导农业生产有一定帮助。分析结果表明：（1）河南省旱灾发生频率较高,局部旱灾几乎年年出现,大范围、全省性的大旱也时有发生,同时旱灾也具有明显的年代变化特征;（2）年内降水分配不均,无降水日数多是造成河南干旱频发的成因之一;（3）对大尺度环流特征分析表明,冷、暖空气均偏弱,导致冷、暖空气无法在黄淮流域交汇,也是造成河南省干旱频发的另一原因。     

通过转基因手段改善作物产量性状

在世界范围内,目前的作物转基因研究主要针对于提高作物自身的抗逆性开展,而产量是一个较为复杂的农艺性状,受多种基因与环境的相互作用所控制.其中,光合作用、氮素同化、碳源分配、植株株型等生理过程是产量形成的基础.随着植物基因组测序工程的逐渐完善,控制上述生理过程的许多基因已被成功分离,并通过基因工程手段对其进行遗传修饰,最终获得了产量性状得以明显改善的转基因植物.虽然目前对于基因如何调控每个性状的机制尚未得到充分阐明,但是这些基因的获得及其增产功能的验证为作物的高产育种提供了一条全新的思路和一系列新方法.随着国家转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项的实施,对功能基因的认识显得尤为重要,本文主要从影响作物产量形成的源、流、库、株型、氮素及水分利用率等几方面入手,对近10年来控制植物产量性状基因的相关研究进行了综述,期望为高产转基因作物新品种的培育提供一定的理论依据.     

一种高效制备慢病毒表达载体的方法

慢病毒表达载体具有感染宿主广和基因组整合效率高的优点,因此在转基因动物的制备中得到广泛应用.本研究构建了含有红色荧光和绿色荧光的慢病毒表达载体,用磷酸钙转染法将三质粒慢病毒载体转染293T细胞,转染效率达72%,降低了慢病毒的生产成本.在进行慢病毒的浓缩与纯化时,通过超速度离心和超滤相结合的方法,在150 mL的慢病毒原液中经纯化后得到80 μL效价为2.38×109 TU/mL的慢病毒颗粒.获得的高效价双荧光慢病毒表达载体可为后续双基因转基因动物的制备提供可靠的制作途径与检测基础.     

Anti-stress effects of Glycine tomentella Hayata in tilapia: inhibiting COX-2 expression and enhancing EPA synthesis in erythrocyte membrane and fish growth

The objective of this study was to elucidate the in vivo effects of the ethanol extract of wooly Glycine tomentella Hayata (GTE) root on tilapia to elucidate whether GTE has antistress activity. Tilapia as an animal model were fed with or without GTE, then injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl). The tilapia were exposed to 100 mg/L of aqueous NH(4)Cl, and/or acute cold stress. Growth parameters of the tilapia were measured during the feeding trials. Tilapia injected with GTE (20 μg/g of fish), NH(4)Cl (100 μg/g of fish) and/or LPS (1 μg/g of fish) were then sampled 2 h poststimulation. GTE significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 expression and hemoglobin (Hb) dimer formation (36 kDa). GTE also improved growth and blood viscosity and upregulated eicosapentaenoic acid content of erythrocytes. The in vivo results indicated that GTE (20 μg/g of fish) can be applied as a stress-tolerance enhancing agent for the aquaculture industry.     

Multiresidue analysis of 58 pesticides in bean products by disposable pipet extraction (DPX) cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

A method based on disposable pipet extraction (DPX) sample cleanup and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection by selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) was established for 58 targeted pesticide residues in soybean, mung bean, adzuki bean and black bean. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and concentrated (nitrogen gas flow) prior to being aspirated into DPX tubes. Cleanup procedure was achieved in a simple DPX-Qg tube. Matrix-matched calibrations were analyzed, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) of this method ranged from 0.01 mg kg(-1) to 0.1 mg kg(-1) for all target compounds. Coefficients of determination of the linear ranges were between 0.9919 and 0.9998. Recoveries of fortified level 0.02 mg kg(-1) on soybean, mung bean, adzuki bean and black bean were 70.2-109.6%, 69.1-119.0%, 69.1-119.8%, and 69.0-120.8%, respectively, for all studied pesticides. Moreover, pesticide risk assessment for all the detected residues in 178 market samples at Beijing market area was conducted. A maximum 0.958% of ADI (acceptable daily intake) for NESDI (national estimated daily intake) and 55.1% of ARfD (acute reference dose) for NESTI (national estimated short-term intake) indicated low diet risk of these products.     

Determination of multiresidues in rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal by acetonitrile extraction, low-temperature cleanup, and detection by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method for determining pesticides in rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is developed. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile or acidified acetonitrile and cleaned up by a 12 h freezing step. The recovery data were obtained by spiking blank samples at three concentration levels. The recoveries of 27 selected pesticides in rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal were in the range of 70-118%, at the concentration level of 10 μg kg(-1), with intraday and interday precisions of lower than 22 and 27%, respectively. Linearity was studied between 2 and 500 μg L(-1) with determination coefficients (R(2)) of higher than 0.98 for all compounds in the three matrices. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of pesticides in rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal ranged from 0.3 to 18 μg kg(-1). The n-octanol-water partition coefficient showed more influence than water solubility in extracting pesticides by acetonitrile from matrices of high fat content. This method was successfully applied for routine analysis in commercial products.