A Synoptic Climatological Approach to Assess Climatic Impact on Air Quality in South-central Canada. Part II: Future Estimates

Using within-weather-group air pollution prediction models developed in Part I of this research, this study estimates future air pollution levels for a variety of pollutants (specifically, carbon monoxide – CO, nitrogen dioxide – NO₂, ozone – O₃, sulphur dioxide – SO₂, and suspended particles – SP) under future climate scenarios for four cities in south-central Canada. A statistical downscaling method was used to downscale five general circulation model (GCM) scenarios to selected weather stations. Downscaled GCM scenarios were used to compare respective characteristics of the weather groups developed in Part I; discriminant function analysis was used to allocate future days from two windows of time (2040–2059 and 2070–2089) into one of four weather groups. In Part I, the four weather groups were characterised as hot, cold, air pollution-related, and other (defined as relatively good air quality and comfortable weather conditions). In estimating future daily air pollution concentrations, three future pollutant emission scenarios were considered: Scenario I – emissions decreasing 20% by 2050, Scenario II – future emissions remaining at the same level as at the end of the twentieth century, and Scenario III – emissions increasing 20% by 2050. The results showed that, due to increased temperatures, the average annual number of days with high O₃ levels in the four selected cities could increase by more than 40–100% by the 2050s and 70–200% by the 2080s (from the current areal average of 8 days) under the three pollutant emission scenarios. The corresponding number of low O₃ days could decrease by 4–10% and 5–15% (from the current areal average of 312 days). For the rest of the pollutants, future air pollution levels will depend on future pollutant emission levels. Under emission Scenarios II and III, the average annual number of high pollution days could increase 20–40% and 80–180%, respectively, by the middle and late part of this century. In contrast, under Scenario I, the average annual number of high pollution days could decrease by 10–65%.     

基于VDDT的红原县草地景观动态变化模拟

利用ENVI软件对2000和2010年红原县遥感影像进行解译,建立红原县草地资源数据库。设定9种干扰变化的驱动因子,利用VDDT以2000到2001年草地景观转换概率和干扰因子出现情况,对2020年红原县草地景观的动态变化进行模拟分析。结果表明,VDDT在模拟红原县草地景观变化动态中具有较高的可行性(斑块面积拟合度为0.9325,斑块数目拟合度为0.8833)。通过对影响草地景观格局变化的主要因子进行分析,表明红原县草地具有明显退化趋势。     

Biomonitoring of Trace Metals (Fe, Cu, and Ni) in the Mangrove Area of Peninsular Malaysia Using Different Soft Tissues of Flat Tree Oyster Isognomon alatus

It is well documented that marine oysters are net bioaccumulators of trace metals and they can be employed as biomonitors of time-integrated measurements of bioavailable metal fractions over their lifetime. In this study, the Malaysian mangrove flat tree oyster Isognomon alatus collected from the estuaries of Lukut River (five sites), Sepang Besar River (one site), and one metal-polluted site at Kg. Pasir Puteh were dissected into muscle, mantle plus gills, byssus, and remaining soft tissues. All the four different soft tissues were analyzed for Fe, Cu, and Ni. Significant spatial differences in the accumulated metal concentrations of the oysters were found between sampling sites, and these could be attributed to anthropogenic inputs including discharges of shrimp ponds (Lukut), animal husbandry (Sepang Besar), sewage, shipping, and industrial effluents (Kg. Pasir Puteh). For Fe, the tissue distribution followed: byssus > mantle plus gill >muscle > remaining soft tissues, while for Cu and Ni, both followed byssus > remaining soft tissues > mantle plus gill > muscle. This indicated that byssus could act as an excretion route for the metals. Based on a correlation analysis between oyster tissues and sediments, selected tissues of I. alatus were shown to be good biomonitors of Ni and Cu contamination, while high regulative capacity of Fe in the oyster tissues could hardly reflect the actual Fe levels in the surroundings. However, the clustering patterns based on metal levels in the four different soft tissues were not in agreement with those based on the geochemical fractions of sediment data. This phenomenon which was due to the metal contamination might not necessarily create high bioavailabilities of metals to the biomonitor I. alatus, which might involve differences in uptake, excretion, and sequestration of metals. Similarly to the Mussel Watch approach, this study points to the very potential use of the different soft tissues of I. alatus as biomonitors for regular biomonitoring in the mangrove area of Peninsular Malaysia.     

柞蚕对ApNPV感染的抵抗性与部分生命力性状的相关性

柞蚕核型多角体病毒(ApNPV)是危害柞蚕的主要病原。以柞蚕部分现行品种、杂交种及引进品种为材料,研究柞蚕对ApNPV感染的抵抗性与部分生命力性状的相关性。结果显示,稚蚕对ApNPV感染的抵抗性与普通孵化率呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.71,而与5龄壮蚕对ApNPV感染的抵抗性及自然发病率无显著相关关系;5龄壮蚕对ApNPV感染的抵抗性与5龄壮蚕感染ApNPV后的虫蛹统一生命率呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.98。研究结果表明,柞蚕品种的抗ApNPV病毒性能应依据稚蚕期和5龄壮蚕期2个发育阶段对病毒感染的抵抗性进行综合鉴定。     

家蚕、桑叶粗提物降血糖的作用效果

为进一步开发高效、多剂型的蚕、桑降血糖制剂,研究了不同品种的家蚕和桑叶粗提物降血糖的体外和体内实验效果。结果表明:家蚕提取物的降血糖效果明显优于桑叶粗提物;蚕品种间存在差异,桑品种间差异显著。灌胃家蚕和桑叶粗提物4周后的动物,其餐后血糖值分别降低了33.48%和24.24%。对不同蚕、桑品种降血糖差异的作用机理进行了探讨。     

芦苇资源的生态管理与芦苇的高产培育

芦苇湿地是重要的湿地生态系统类型之一，具有生态、经济和社会三重效益。对芦苇湿地生态系统进行综合评价和健康诊断，揭示芦苇生长发育和生态因子的相关性，实施有效的生态管理是维持芦苇湿地生态系统平衡、保护芦苇湿地生物多样性的基础。根据芦苇生长发育的不同时期和需水规律，对苇田实施排灌管理，调整土壤氮、磷、钾比例，是提高芦苇产量的关键措施。此外，芦苇的生长量与年有效积温及无霜期有密切关系。     

Indirect interactions between rust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Melampsora epitea</Emphasis>) and leaf beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phratora vulgatissima</Emphasis>) damage on<Emphasis Type="Italic">salix</Emphasis>

Willows (Salix spp.) are beneficial as a potential source of renewable energy, riparian barriers and riverbank control, yet are considered invasive weeds when they clog watercourses and lead to erosion and flooding. Interactions between willow rustMelampsora epitea (Thüm.) (Uredinales: Melampsoraceae) and leaf beetlePhratora spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding damage have an impact on effective pest management and biological control. The present study investigated the effects of(a) prior mechanical leaf damage on rust development, and(b) rust infection on beetle feeding under laboratory conditions for different time intervals and levels of damage. Willow rust infection significantly reduced the amount of leaf area consumed by beetles. The result was similar when a compatible or an incompatible rust pathotype was sprayed ontoSalix viminalis (L.) ‘Mullatin’ plants. There were no overall significant effects of mechanical damage on rust development, although the lowest level of rust infection was found with the incremental damage treatment. There were, however, differences of significance for leaf position and damage status, with damaged leaves at all positions having fewer pustules and a smaller pustule area than the corresponding undamaged leaves. There was no detectable effect of possible volatile emissions from crushed willow leaves on rust infection and development, although the volatile compoundcis-3-hexenyl acetate significantly reduced pustule diameter and overall pustule area. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for pest management and biological control. Corresponding author http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 6, 2003.     

木耳新品种‘吉黑 1 号’

 木耳新品种‘吉黑1 号’,菌丝体洁白浓密,菌落边缘整齐,气生菌丝发达呈绒毛状。子实 体单片簇生,单个耳片直径3.2 ~ 5.8 cm,厚0.11 ~ 0.13 cm,“小孔”栽培单片耳率最高可达90%以上。 为中晚熟品种,从接种到采收118 ~ 130 d。每100 kg 干料产鲜木耳79.8 kg。对绿色木霉等杂菌抗性较强。     

榆耳新品种‘旗肉 1 号’

 食用菌榆耳新品种‘旗肉1 号’,菌丝体洁白,粗壮浓密;子实体褐粉至粉红色,朵形如花, 单朵直径7.2 ~ 11.5 cm、质量110 ~ 200 g,品质佳,商品性好,从接种到采收需要90 ~ 105 d。每100 kg 干料产鲜榆耳55.2 kg。     

Development of a coastal environment assessment system using coral recruitment

A new method for assessing coastal environments using the reproduction potential of corals has been developed and examined in situ. Six assessment racks were deployed before the full moon of May 2006 at three sites located around a river outlet in Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Is. and at one control location in Sekisei Lagoon. Each rack was equipped with two marine blocks (MB) containing 378 holes, two cases of coral settlement devices (CSDs), each containing 120 CSDs, and a water temperature logger. Assessment was based on recruitment of Acropora due to mass spawning. After 4 months of deployment, the surface of assessment racks showed apparent biofouling depending on sites mainly by algal settlement on the surfaces. Almost all the holes of the MBs were partly occupied, mainly by turf algae. Nagura Bay was thought likely to be an “unhealthy” coral reef due to runoff from land. However, our assessment showed that there were 0.85 corals per CSD in the Bay, compared with 0.51 in Sekisei Lagoon, indicating that coral larvae supply is not the cause of the unhealthy condition of corals in the Nagura Bay.