基于高光谱数据的水体叶绿素a指数反演模型的建立

水体叶绿素a含量是反映水体质量的重要指标之一,利用遥感技术监测其含量具有众多优势。该研究利用2012年7月在广西壮族自治区桂林市漓江流域实地采集的水体高光谱数据和实验室化验分析数据,借鉴陆表植被叶绿素a的遥感反演模型,发展了一种新的水体叶绿素a提取指数(water chlorophyll-a index,WCI)。通过与反射率敏感波段法、波段比值法和半分析方法对比分析发现,新提出的WCI指数使用650、685、696 nm波段,波段稳定,决定系数R2可达0.58,均方根误差最小为0.24,受水体悬浮物影响小,在天津海河区域的验证效果也表明了该模型可以有效地提取水体叶绿素a含量。该方法扩展了水体叶绿素a监测的建模思路,对水体叶绿素a监测建模有一定的指导作用。     

低温对早稻幼穗分化期叶片生理特性的影响及其与产量的关系

为了探讨低温("小满寒")对早稻幼穗分化期水稻叶片生理特性及产量性状的影响,本研究以30℃/25℃为对照,利用人工气候室进行试验,研究低温(22℃/17℃)下水稻叶片的生理生化变化特征,并分析其与产量之间的灰色关联度。结果表明,随低温处理时间的延长,水稻光合色素呈先上升后下降趋势,并在处理后4 d达最大值。水稻光响应曲线的最大光合速率、光饱和点及光能初始利用效率均随着低温胁迫时间的增加逐渐下降,而光补偿点则呈上升趋势。在荧光参数方面,光化学淬灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递效率(ETR)及PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)呈先下降后上升的趋势,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)则随着胁迫时间的延长于处理6 d达最大值。叶片SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,而CAT活性随着胁迫时间的延长逐渐下降。另外,水稻产量、穗长、结实率、成穗率及千粒重等均随低温处理时间的延长而减少。通过灰色关联度分析各个性状与产量之间的关联度,依次为每穗实粒穗长二次枝梗数一次枝梗数千粒重CAT活性,且其关联度均大于1。CAT活性、光能初始利用效率、光饱和点、ETR、Fv/Fm及叶绿素a/叶绿素b等生理生化指标也与产量关联度较高,可作为低温影响下产量评价与估算的指标。     

铝胁迫下根系分泌物对栝楼光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝性较强的安国栝楼和耐铝性较弱的浦江栝楼为对比试验材料,在土培条件下探究300μmol/L和800μmol/L铝胁迫下不同浓度(30,20,10ml/株)根系分泌物对2种栝楼的生长特性、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过2个浓度的铝处理后,安国栝楼和浦江栝楼生长均受到一定抑制,生物量、叶绿素a/b含量、叶绿素荧光、CAT、POD、SOD酶活性均呈下降趋势,而MDA、初始荧光(F_0)呈相反的变化趋势,2种栝楼的各指标变化程度和敏感性表现出一定的差异性,表明2种栝楼的耐铝性存在差异。加入适宜浓度的根系分泌物能够促进2种栝楼的生长,提高叶绿素a、b含量以及各个荧光参数值和CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性,从而缓解了铝胁迫。较低浓度的根系分泌物可以缓解铝胁迫对栝楼的伤害;浓度过高时,2种栝楼的生长均会受到抑制,20ml/株的根系分泌物对栝楼铝胁迫的缓解作用最佳。因此,今后在红壤地区栝楼的生产种植中,可以进一步开展根系分泌物对栝楼影响机制的研究工作,为栝楼品种的推广与应用奠定基础。     

Monothiol glutaredoxin cDNA from Taiwanofungus camphorata: a novel CGFS-type glutaredoxin possessing glutathione reductase activity

Glutaredoxins (Grxs) play important roles in the redox system via reduced glutathione as a reductant. A TcmonoGrx cDNA (1039 bp, EU158772) encoding a putative monothiol Grx was cloned from Taiwanofungus camphorata (formerly named Antrodia camphorata). The deduced amino acid sequence is conserved among the reported monothiol Grxs. Two 3-D homology structures of the TcmonoGrx based on known structures of human Grx3 (pdb: 2DIY_A) and Mus musculus Grx3 (pdb: 1WIK_A) have been created. To characterize the TcmonoGrx protein, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector pET-20b(+) and transformed into E. coli C41(DE3). The recombinant His6-tagged TcmonoGrx was overexpressed and purified by Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose. The purified enzyme showed a predominant band on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited glutathione reductase (GR) activity via dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) assay. The Michaelis constant (K(M)) values for GSSG and NADPH were 0.064 and 0.041 mM, respectively. The enzyme's half-life of deactivation at 60 °C was 10.5 min, and its thermal inactivation rate constant (k(d)) was 5.37 × 10(-2) min(-1). The enzyme was active under a broad pH range from 6 to 8. The enzyme retained 50% activity after trypsin digestion at 37 °C for 40 min. Both mutants C(40)→S(40) and C(165)→S(165) lost 40-50% GR activity, whereas the mutant S(168)→C(168) showed a 20% increase in its GR activity.     

浙江省1:5万大比例尺土壤数据库

以浙江省为例,探讨了省域大比例尺土壤数据库的构建方法,并结合第二次土壤普查资料,建立了浙江省1∶5万大比例尺土壤数据库,包括空间数据库、属性数据库和元数据三部分。自主研发的土壤界线自动识别和半自动识别技术的采用,显著提高了土壤图数字化的精度与效率;土壤数据库标准的制定保证了数据库建设的规范、有序;参考地形图、遥感影像等信息,对土壤图图面错误进行了拓扑学和土壤学修正,解决了原图中存在的土壤界线遗漏、界线不连续、图斑注记缺失等问题,显著提高了土壤图的质量;对县、区土壤普查分类、省普查汇总分类及国家标准分类的归属关系进行了整理,解决了原普查成果存在的"同土异名"和"异土同名"问题。建立的浙江省土壤空间数据库共划分156 581个土壤图斑,搜集整理土壤剖面2 677个,实现了全省土壤图的无缝拼接、空间与属性数据的关联,在一定程度上奠定了浙江省"数字土壤"的基础。此外,对已有研究成果的不足进行了讨论,指出了其改进的方向,期望在完善浙江省大比例尺土壤数据库的同时,也为其他省区的大比例尺土壤数据库构建工作提供参考。     

小麦蚕豆间作对红壤有效磷的影响及其与根际pH值的关系

在云南红壤上采用田间小区试验,通过测定分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期、灌浆～乳熟期不同土层深度小麦根际土壤有效磷(available phosphorus)含量和根际pH值,比较研究了小麦蚕豆间作对小麦根际土壤有效磷含量和pH值的影响,探讨了间作小麦根际pH与根际土壤有效磷之间的相互作用.结果表明,与小麦单作相比,小麦蚕豆间作显著地促进了小麦产量的提高.同时,小麦蚕豆间作促进了小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高,分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm土层单、间作差异显著;间作显著降低了分蘖～拔节期10-20 cm土层、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30 cm土层小麦根际土壤pH.分蘖～拔节期、灌浆～乳熟期,单、间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量与根际pH呈负相关关系.试验表明,在红壤上间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高与间作降低根际pH有密切关系.     

群居型和散居型亚洲小车蝗成虫能量代谢相关酶活性测定

为明确亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus成虫飞行肌对其体内能源物质利用的情况,采用室内生化法测定能源物质代谢相关5种酶,即3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(glycerol-3-phosphate dehyd...     

Degradability of atrazine, cyanazine, and dicamba in methanogenic enrichment culture microcosms using sediment from the Pearl River of Southern China

Degradation of three herbicides, atrazine, cyanazine and dicamba, was assessed in laboratory microcosms incubated under simulated methanogenic conditions using sediment from Pearl River of Southern China as an inoculum. Atrazine was much more resistant to degradation than cyanazine and dicamba over 300 days of incubation. Biodegradation of cyanazine and dicamba was further substantiated by establishment of enrichment transfer cultures in which the degradation of the respective herbicide was accelerated by the active microorganisms. Degradation of cyanazine initially involved the removal of chlorine and the two side chains, while that of dicamba was O-demethylation reaction forming 3,6-dichlorosalicyclic acid. Results suggest that biodegradation of xenobiotics can be established through enrichment culture transfer technique, and further mechanism of degradation and microorganisms involved can be elucidated.     

A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of throat-burning oleocanthal with probated antiinflammatory activity in extra virgin olive oils

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to quantitatively analyze oleocanthal in extra virgin olive oils. Oleocanthal, a deacetoxy ligstroside aglycone, is known to be responsible for the back of the throat irritation of olive oils and to have probated antiinflamatory activity. Oleocanthal was isolated from small amounts of olive oil sample (1 g) by liquid-liquid extraction. Hexane-acetonitrile was found to be the best solvent system to extract oleocanthal from the oil matrix. The solvent extract was analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 278 nm. Chromatogaphic separation of oleocanthal from other extracted compounds and of the two geometric isomers of oleocanthal was achieved by an elution gradient with acetonitrile and water. Both the external standard calibration curve and the internal standard calibration curve were established, and quantitation using both calibration curves gave essentially the same result. The reproducibility (RSD = 4.7%), recovery (> 95%), and limit of quantitation (< 1 microg/g) were also determined. Concentrations of oleacanthal in 10 selected throat-burning extra virgin olive oils were determined using the method (ranged from 22 to 190 microg/g) with external standard calibration.     

Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.