Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus (P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood.  In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons (2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high (30.36 mg kg^–1) and low (9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize (Pwm) along with a reduced P fertilizer application only to wheat (Pw).  The microbial community structure along with soil P availability parameters and crop yield were determined.  The results showed that the Pw treatment reduces the annual P input by 33.3% without affecting the total yield for at least two consecutive years as compared with the Pwm treatment in the high Olsen-P soil.  Soil water-soluble P concentrations in the Pw treatment were similar to those in the Pwm treatment at the 12-leaf collar stage when maize requires the most P.  Furthermore, the soil P content significantly affected soil microbial communities, especially fungal communities.  Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of Pw were significantly higher (by 11.4 and 13.3%) than those of Pwm in soil with high Olsen-P.  The microfloral contribution to yield was greater than that of soil P content in soil with high Olsen-P.  Relative abundances of Bacillus and Rhizobium were enriched in the Pw treatment compared with the Pwm treatment.  Bacillus showed a significant positive correlation with acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, and Rhizobium displayed significant positive correlations with ACP and ALP in soil with high Olsen-P, which may enhance P availability.  Our findings suggested that the application of P fertilization only to wheat is practical in high P soils to ensure optimal production in the wheat and maize double cropping system and that the soil P availability and microbial community may collaborate to maintain optimal yield in a wheat–maize double cropping system.     

The peroxisomal matrix shuttling receptor Pex5 plays a role in FB1 production and virulence in Fusarium verticillioides

The peroxisomal matrix oxidase, catalase and peroxidase are imported peroxisomes through the shuttling receptors, which regulates the cellular oxidative homeostasis and function. Here, we report that PTS1 shuttling receptor FvPex5 is involved in the localization of PTS1, utilization of carbon sources and lipids, elimination ROS, cell wall stress, conidiation, fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) production, and virulence in maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. Significantly, differential expression of PTS1-, PTS2-, PEX- and FB₁ toxin-related genes in wild type and ΔFvpex5 mutant were examined by RNA-Seq analyses and confirmed by RT-PCR assay. In addition, different expression of PTS1 and PTS2 genes of the ΔFvpex5 mutant were enriched in diverse biochemical pathways, such as carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, lipid metabolism and the oxidation balance by combining GO and KEGG annotations. Overall, we showed that FvPex5 is involved in the regulation of genes associated with PTS, thereby affecting the oxidation balance, FB₁ and virulence in F. verticillioides. The results help to clarify the functional divergence of Pex5 orthologs, and may provide a possible target for controlling F. verticillioides infections and FB₁ biosynthesis.     

米老排人工林节子时空分布特征及变色规律

  目的  探明米老排Mytilaria laosensis人工林节子的时空分布特征及变色规律,为培育米老排无节材提供理论参考。  方法  以位于广西凭祥市的中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心11年生米老排人工林为研究对象,选取20株米老排样木,利用节子解析的方法,对获得的1 101个完整节子进行研究。  结果  从节子发育年龄上,米老排的枝条主要从第1~2年开始生长,第2~4年是其死亡高峰期(91.9%),这些枝条(87.2%)死亡后在第5~8年内完全愈合并形成节子,其中大部分节子(76.7%)的愈合时间为3~6 a;在第2~4年米老排枝条死亡数量较多,该时段是控制节子形成的关键时期。在节子垂直分布上,节子的数量呈现随树高的增加先上升后急剧下降的趋势,且主要集中在高度为0~8.0 m的树干上。节子变色长度与节子的直径和愈合时间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),但与分枝角度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。通过逐步回归,得出节子直径、死节长度、节子出现年龄以及愈合时间是影响米老排节子变色长度的关键因子,相关性达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。  结论  在米老排种植后的2~4 a,对树干8.0 m以下进行首次修枝,有助于该树种无节材的培育。采取相应的森林培育措施减小枝条基径和缩短节子愈合所需时间,有助于减少节子对木材带来的影响。图7表4参32     

利用基因芯片分析比较Giza75和SG747纤维发育差异表达基因

【目的】 利用适应性广、产量高的陆地棉和纤维品质优异的海岛棉进行高通量基因芯片比较分析,筛选和鉴定棉纤维发育相关的关键基因。【方法】 以SG747(Gossypium hirsutum L.)和Giza75(Gossypium barbadense L.)为材料,利用Affymetrix公司的棉花寡聚核苷酸基因芯片对其开花后10 d(10 days after anthesis, 10 DPA)的棉纤维进行表达谱分析。【结果】 材料Giza75和SG747共筛选到3 905个差异表达基因,其中功能预测基因占比17.80%,翻译、核糖体结构相关基因占比16.82%,翻译后修饰占比14.32%。Gra.2198.1.A1_at正向调控棉纤维发育过程,Gra.85.1.S1_at、Ghi.249.1.A1_at和Ghi.8448.1.S1_x_at负向调控棉纤维发育过程,可能参与了棉纤维发育过程。【结论】 利用陆地棉和海岛棉基因芯片并结合qRT-PCR筛选和鉴定到4个纤维发育相关的关键候选基因。     

粉碎机异形筛片气流场数值模拟及试验研究

针对传统环筛式锤片饲料粉碎机存在气固环流层影响粉碎机性能的问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟、粉碎性能试验相结合的方法,对粉碎机安装异形筛片时粉碎室内物料颗粒受到的气力作用和内部流场运动规律进行研究。分析粉碎机使用异形筛片对粉碎性能的影响。优化后的异形筛片分别命名为B_1(小圆弧半径R_1=51mm)、B_2(R_1=83mm)、B_3(R_1=93mm),利用流体动力学软件对粉碎室安装3种异形筛片的气流场进行数值模拟,获得粉碎室气流场分布信息。在相同工况下,对装有3种异形筛片的CPS-420型粉碎机进行粉碎性能试验,分析不同筛片对物料粉碎效果的影响。模拟结果表明:粉碎机采用间隔分段圆弧筛片后,粉碎室环流区域产生不同强度的涡旋,能够改变物料环流运动规律,提高物料过筛能力;锤片组扫过区域的气流呈现出较为杂乱无序的分布状态,有利于形成湍流运动,从而增加物料颗粒受打击几率。粉碎性能试验结果表明:锤片饲料粉碎机安装B_3筛片的粉碎机生产效率,较B2、B1筛片分别提高8.1%、16.0%,吨料耗电量分别降低10.5%、15.0%,温升分别降低0.6和0.1℃。优化后的3种异形筛片,能够提高粉碎机的生产效率,降低电能的损耗、改善物料温升,对提高锤片饲料粉碎机性能具有积极意义。     

温室内中华鳖性腺发育的研究

采用性腺组织切片观察与繁殖行为观测相结合的方法,对温室养殖中华鳖的性泉发育进行研究。试验结果表明温室中养殖的中华鳖不仅生长速度加快,而且性发育也提早。中华鳖在温室条件下下饲养１０个月时,雌鳖的卵核完全移至动物极并贴近卵膜,雄鳖的精巢内已有大量的精子生成,切开输精管有大量乳白色的精液流出。雌鳖性成熟年龄为２１个月,雄鳖性成熟年龄为１０个月。     

不同产地烤烟烟气有害成分的检测与分析

对河南不同产地,云南红河和津巴布韦国的烤烟单料烟中的焦油,烟气烟碱,ＣＯ等有害成分的播放量进行了检测和分析比较,并对烟叶化学成分中的还原糖,烟碱,Ｋ２Ｏ,Ｃｌ＾－,ＳＯ＾２－４及有效钾进行分析。     

生物技术在草莓遗传改良上的应用前景

综述了草莓遗传改良方面尚需解决的主要问题及生物技术在草莓育种方面应用的现状,探讨了生物技术在草莓保鲜、抗病毒、抗虫、抗除莠剂等方面的应用策略及其前景。     

银杏外种皮综合利用的研究

从银杏外种皮中提取的银杏酚酸和白果酚有杀虫、杀菌作用。银杏酚酸和银杏黄素、银杏异黄素混合物对致病性真菌生长有明显抑制作用 ,且有抗过敏、抗炎等作用。同时测定了银杏外种皮中萜内酯的含量和微量元素、氨基酸、蛋白质的含量。结果表明 :银杏外种皮有综合利用和开发的前景