Hyperlipemia and Ketonuria in an Alpaca and a Llama

An alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. Both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dL, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dL, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. Signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by Cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepatic lipidosis, and acute renal failure secondary to renal lipidosis and died 36 hours after admission despite medical therapy. Histopathology revealed renal and hepatic lipidosis and neutrophilic pancreatitis. The cria died 72 hours after birth. The llama responded to IV electrolyte, dextrose, and regular crystalline insulin therapy. The pregnancy was maintained, and the llama was discharged from the hospital 20 days after admission. Two months after discharge, the llama gave birth to a live, 5 kg cria. Findings of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and ketonuria occurred in these two camelids. Based on this report, camelids appear to be similar to both horses and cattle in their response to severe energy imbalances in late gestation.     

Serum biochemistry of Zebu bulls and their Friesian crosses fed two planes of protein

Twenty-one Bunaji (White Fulani, Zebu) and 21 Friesian X Bunaji cross-bred bull calves, approximately 6 months of age, were each divided after weaning into two groups and fed isocaloric rations containing 14.45% (high protein) and 8.51% (low protein) crude protein for 10 months. Serum samples were collected biweekly for 10 months and analysed for serum proteins. Age had no significant effect. The Bunaji had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher total protein, albumin, and alpha 1-globulin than Friesian X Bunaji. While there was no significant difference in body condition score between the two breeds, the Friesian X Bunaji had a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher growth rate. Animals on high protein diets had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher total protein, albumin, alpha 2-globulin, gamma-globulin and total globulin than those on low protein. However, alpha 1-globulin and beta-globulin were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different for the two treatment groups.     

Bacterial leaf streak or black chaff of cereals

The literature related to bacterial leaf streak of cereals, due to various pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris , is confusing and dispersed. This review presents a synthesis of the knowledge that has been accumulated on the disease in cereals since the early reports on barley and wheat. The aim is to present the current status on geographical distribution of the disease, to explain possible confusions in symptoms, and to show the limited quantitative information available on losses and on host/pathogen interactions. Disease etiology and means of control are also reviewed. The objective is to define the present situation of black chaff in wheat, barley and triticale, and to delineate the major research needs in these crops. Difficulties in controlling bacterial leaf streak arise as a result of limited epidemiological knowledge and of the absence of satisfactory seed treatment permitting the eradication of the bacterium. There is an urgent need for a seed certification scheme and for more information on genetic resistance, with a view to limiting outbreaks of this sporadic but devastating disease.     

草莓果实的流变特牲及其在贮藏过程中的变化规律

利用自制的应力－应变试验台，对草莓果实的应力－应变特性和蠕变特性进行了测定与研究，建立了草莓果实应力－应变的数学模型，指出了草莓果实的极限屈服点变动范围。同时对草莓在不同贮藏条件下流变特性的变化规律进行了初步的研究，发现草莓的成熟度、贮藏温度及贮藏时间对果实的硬度、屈服应力均有较显著的影响，建立了屈服应力随时间变化的不同阶段的回归方程，可用于预测在相应贮藏条件下的草莓果实的屈服应力。     

Radiological assessment of 50 cases of incisive or maxillary neoplasia in the dog

This paper reviews the radiological features of 50 canine incisive or maxillary tumours and discusses the value of radiological assessment in the diagnosis and staging of these tumours. The 50 tumours examined included 21 sarcomas, 15 carcinomas, three melanomas and an assortment of benign tumours of the oral cavity. There was not any site specificity for the different histological tumour types within the upper dental arcade, although fibrosarcomas had a tendency to be maxillary whereas the squamous cell carcinomas were equally distributed between the incisive and maxillary regions. Seventy-eight per cent of fibrosarcomas, 82 per cent of squamous cell carcinoma and all three melanomas examined showed radiological evidence of bone involvement. Radiographic changes were also seen in the benign tumours. The pattern of growth of tumours correlated with the radiological changes observed. Malignant tumours showed a tendency to irregular or aggressive bone loss whereas bone production predominated in the benign tumours.     

Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids from high-oleate sunflower seeds.

The objective of these experiments was to examine methods of modifying the fatty acid composition of bovine tissues. In the first experiment, four steers were fitted with duodenal fistulas and were assigned to four diets in a Latin square design. The steers were fed a control diet or the same diet containing 10% high-oleate partially crushed sunflower seeds, serum-coated sunflower seeds, and heat-treated, serum-coated sunflower seeds for 5 d. Samples of digesta and feces were collected on d 5. The inclusion of sunflower seeds (plain or serum-coated) in the diet increased (P less than .05) the digesta concentration of stearate. The percentage of stearate in the digesta and feces was increased (P less than .05) from 51 to 67% and from 64 to 74%, respectively, when steers were fed the untreated sunflower seed. The fecal concentration of oleate was increased (P less than .05) by dietary sunflower seeds in steers that were fed the serum-coated, unheated sunflower seeds. In a second experiment, heifers (four per group) were fed a corn-based control diet or diets containing 10% of high-oleate sunflower oil encapsulated with calcium alginate, either plain, coated with blood meal, or with blood meal integrated into the pellet. After 50 d on treatment, samples of perianal adipose tissue were obtained by biopsy. The fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue was not modified by the inclusion of the encapsulated oleate in the diet. In summary, limited ruminal bypass of sunflower seed oleate was accomplished with sunflower seed but not with encapsulated oleate.     

Seroprevalence of porcine and human influenza A virus antibodies in pigs between 1986 and 1988 in Hassia

1,268 sera collected from slaughtered pigs in Hassia (FRG) from 1986 to 1988 were tested for antibodies against porcine and human influenza A virus strains using the single radial haemolysis test (SRHT). Antibodies against the porcine strains (subtype H1N1) A/Swine/Arnsberg/1/81, A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 and A/New Jersey/7/76 were detected in 411 (32.4%), 318 (25.1%) and 304 (24.0%) of sera, respectively. Up to 1988 a slight increase (10%) in the seroprevalence to A/Swine/Arnsberg/1/81 was noticed, whereas the results obtained with the other strains showed little variation. Antibodies against the human H1N1 strain A/Singapore/6/86 were only found in sera collected 1987 and 1988 in rates of 1.6% and 3.0%. Serological indication of infections with the human H3N2 strains A/Victoria/1/75, A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/Philippines/2/82 could be shown in 286 (22.6%), 178 (14.4%) and 135 (10.6%) of the serum samples. Within the three year period the rate of sera positive for antibodies against A/Philippines/2/82 increased from 6.5% to 23.0%, whereas no variation in the rates were found using the other H3N2 strains. Antibodies simultaneously against porcine (H1N1) and human (H3N2) virus strains were detected in 9.9% of all sera tested.     

An unusual tumor of the nictitating membrane gland of dogs-- a case report]

A tumor of the third eyelid gland was diagnosed in a 13 year old female Chihuahua. Histopathology of the excised tissue revealed an apocrine adnexoma with squamous metaplasia. The literature regarding prolapse and tumors of the third eyelid gland was reviewed. No case with similar morphology to this tumor was described to our knowledge.     

Antibody responses to avian encephalomyelitis virus vaccines when administered by different routes

Antibody responses to a commercial avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) vaccine administered by different routes were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Responses to single doses of vaccine administered by the ocular route to 10% of a flock were comparable with those obtained when all birds received a single dose in the drinking water. However, ocular vaccination of 5% of the flock resulted in significantly lower responses than those obtained when 10% were vaccinated. Maternal antibody was shown by the ELISA to persist in chickens from vaccinated flocks for up to 21 days after hatching. Day-old chickens with serum absorbances of < 0.3 at 492 nm, as determined by the ELISA, were shown to be susceptible to intracerebral challenge with the neurotropic Van Roekel strain of AEV.     

Plant interference and chemical toxins in upland pastures

Supernatants derived from desiccated plant material gathered from Agrostis/Festuca vegetation had an inhibitory effect on the germination and early development of seedlings of Trifolium repens cv. S184. Two compounds, o -hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and benzoic acid, were identified chromatographically and their structures confirmed by mass spectrometry. Commercial preparations of the two compounds were effective inhibitors at a concentration of 10⁻² and 10⁻³ m respectively when T. repens was used as the phytometer species. Benzoic acid lost its inhibitory effect when the pH of the two solutions was adjusted to pH 5·5. The roots of seedlings of white clover were severely distorted by o -hydroxyphenylpropionic add at 10⁻³ m . It is likely that phenolic acids, produced from the surface trash created by slot seeding procedures, interfere with the establishment of white clover in upland pastures.