巴氏新小绥螨和尼氏真绥螨的耐饥能力及饥饿对二者捕食朱砂叶螨功能的影响

试验温度25℃条件下,室内测定我国农作物害虫的常用生物防治剂—巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes和尼氏真绥螨Euseius nicholsi Ehara et Lee的耐饥能力,以及定量分析不同饥饿程度对两种捕食螨捕食朱砂叶螨的功能反应和捕食速度的影响。研究结果表明：两种捕食螨各螨态的耐饥时间与发育历期呈显著正相关（P﹤0.05）。各螨态的阶段存活率与存活时间之间的关系均可用二次抛物线拟合。根据饥饿半致死和致死时间（T50和T95）,巴氏新小绥螨的耐饥能力明显强于尼氏真绥螨。除巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的耐饥性存活曲线呈拱形外,两种捕食螨其它螨态的耐饥性存活曲线均呈凹形。不同饥饿程度的两种捕食螨雌成螨捕食朱砂叶螨若螨的功能反应均为HollingⅡ型,饥饿程度不能改变它们的捕食功能反应类型,但可使功能反应模型的各参数值发生较大改变。饥饿24 h的巴氏新小绥螨和尼氏真绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨若螨的捕食作用主要集中在取食的前8 h阶段,而未经饥饿处理的两种捕食螨雌成螨在开始捕食的24 h内各阶段的捕食速度变化不大。因此,饥饿处理对两种捕食螨雌成螨的捕食作用有明显影响。     

20个甘蔗品种（系）的抗旱性比较

干旱是限制我国甘蔗产量提高的主要原因。采用桶栽和人工控水的方法,对云南省甘蔗主产区临沧市选取的20个甘蔗品种（系）进行抗旱性分析,通过测定苗期和分蘖期的8个抗逆生理指标,以及分蘖率、成活率和株高3个生长指标,采用模糊隶属函数、主成分分析和系统聚类分析方法对各甘蔗品种（系）的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,甘蔗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、甘蔗分蘖率、株高和成活率呈下降趋势,而甘蔗叶片丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、质膜透性、SOD和POD酶活性则呈上升趋势。通过模糊隶属函数、主成分分析和系统聚类分析可将20份甘蔗品种（系）材料分为3类,其中7个为抗旱品种（系）,6个为中等抗旱品种（系）,7个为不抗旱品种（系）;根据抗旱综合值,7个抗旱品种（系）的抗旱能力排名为：‘桂糖06-2081’>‘柳城05-136’>‘福农38’>‘柳城03-1137’>‘德蔗03-83’>‘云蔗05-49’>‘福农40’。相关分析表明,与甘蔗抗旱性呈显著正相关的指标分别为成活率、株高和叶片相对含水量,呈显著负相关的指标分别为质膜透性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量。     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

微灌砂过滤器石英砂滤料颗粒粗糙度参数测算与分析

微灌砂过滤器砂滤料颗粒的表面粗糙度直接影响到砂滤层水头损失和对水中杂质的滞纳能力,从而影响到滤层过滤效果。为了对砂滤料颗粒表面粗糙度进行定量分析,以粒径范围为1.0~1.18、1.18~1.4和1.4~1.7 mm的3种滤料的砂滤料颗粒为研究对象,每种滤料选取15粒石英砂作为样本,以砂滤料颗粒表面形貌的均方根偏差、表面高度分布的偏斜度和表面高度分布的峭度表征颗粒表面粗糙度,采用三维表面形貌仪对粗糙度参数进行测量,采用统计分析方法对粗糙度参数进行分析。结果表明,3种滤料砂滤料颗粒表面波峰波谷的波动幅度分别占滤料当量粒径的15.6%、14.6%和13.1%,说明微灌砂过滤器砂滤料颗粒表面粗糙度比较大;石英砂滤料颗粒表面高度分布的峭度比较大,说明砂滤料颗粒表面形貌高度分布比较集中;石英砂滤料颗粒表面高度分布的偏斜度都为负,说明砂滤料颗粒表面凹陷部分所占比例偏大,影响过滤效果。通过研究认为,要使过滤器石英砂滤料获得更好的过滤效果,应选取相对较大颗粒的石英砂滤料,并对砂滤料的生产工艺进行改进,使砂滤料粗糙度适当增大。     

基于改进VMD的离心泵空化声发射信号特征提取

针对变分模态分解算法中分解层数和惩罚因子不易确定的问题,提出一种改进变分模态分解(improved variational mode decomposition,IVMD)算法,并将其应用于离心泵空化声发射信号特征提取.应用IVMD算法时,首先根据包络熵差异系数确定变分模态分解的分解层数;然后采用人工蜂群算法优化得出惩罚因子,并将其作为变分模态分解的最佳输入参数.利用IVMD算法对仿真信号进行分析,并与集合经验模态分解结果进行比较.以60%额定流量下采集到的离心泵进口处的声发射信号为例进行IVMD计算,分析携带原信号大量信息的信号分量的频域特征及其绝对能量随离心泵空化状态变化的关系.结果表明:IVMD算法能够择优确定分解层数和惩罚因子,实现非平稳信号的自适应分解.反映离心泵空化状态的声发射信号特征频率集中在50,100 kHz及其附近.随着离心泵空化从无到有、从弱到强的变化,这2个特征频率范围信号分量绝对能量值呈“基本保持不变-减小-增大”的变化规律.     

关于中国农产品区域品牌发展方向的思考

发展农产品区域品牌是推进农业供给侧结构性改革的有效路径,也是解决目前中国农业增产不增收、低质量均衡、产品同质化严重、市场供需结构性矛盾等一系列问题的关键措施。通过对农产品区域品牌文献的梳理,发现在农产品区域品牌发展中对其品牌定位、顶层设计、质量保证、农业文化遗产和种质资源保护等方面的研究还比较薄弱,需要在未来研究中给予重视,以进一步完善农产品区域品牌的理论研究。     

对本科教学工作水平评估的"元评估"

本文对我国高等教育评估的历史做了回顾,对评估工作对高等教育发展的促进作用进行了分析,并对评估存在的问题进行了梳理,提出了若干政策建议。     

广东蕉岭长潭自然保护区主要森林植被类型的调查

广东蕉岭长潭自然保护区的植被可分为4个植被型组、5个植被型和10个群系。以地带性植被常绿阔叶林占优势,其中中亚热带常绿阔叶林主要分布于海拔250~600 m之间,中亚热带山顶常绿阔叶矮林分布于600~700 m的山脊和山顶,竹林分布于220 m以下及网顶窝;亚热带常绿针叶林、以马尾松为优势的针阔混交林以及禾草草丛和蕨类草丛也有一定的分布,体现出植被也有一定的次生性,有必要加强保护。     

Multidimensional diversity of bird communities across spatial variation of land cover in Zoige on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Background: Spatial variation of land cover can result in the changes of community similarities and biotic homog-enization, whereby the increasing similarity wo...