Potential gene flow from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) to different weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) accessions based on reproductive compatibility

BACKGROUND: The possibility of gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives may be affected by reproductive capacity between them. The potential gene flow from two transgenic rice lines containing the bar gene to five accessions of weedy rice (WR1–WR5) was determined through examination of reproductive compatibility under controlled pollination. RESULTS: The pollen grain germination of two transgenic rice lines on the stigma of all weedy rice, rice pollen tube growth down the style and entry into the weedy rice ovary were similar to self‐pollination in weedy rice. However, delayed double fertilisation and embryo abortion in crosses between WR2 and Y0003 were observed. Seed sets between transgenic rice lines and weedy rice varied from 8 to 76%. Although repeated pollination increased seed set significantly, the rank of the seed set between the weedy rice accessions and rice lines was not changed. The germination rates of F₁ hybrids were similar or greater compared with respective females. All F₁ plants expressed glufosinate resistance in the presence of glufosinate selection pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of gene flow between different weedy rice accessions and transgenic herbicide‐resistant rice may differ owing to different reproductive compatibility. This result suggests that, when wild relatives are selected as experimental materials for assessing the gene flow of transgenic rice, it is necessary to address the compatibility between transgenic rice and wild relatives. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

青海大通退耕还林地林分水分生产力研究

 为了解青海东部黄土高原寒区退耕还林地人工林的水分生产力水平,2001—2003年对青海省大通县退耕还林的人工林进行了群落蒸散测算、标准地生物量调查和解析木分析,并研究了青杨灌木混交林、白桦紫果云杉混交林、华北落叶松纯林、紫果云杉纯林、白桦纯林等11种林分类型退耕还林人工林的林木水分生产力。结果表明:1)3 000株/hm2左右密度的林分是该区较为适宜的造林密度标准;2)在目前的技术经济水平条件下,2 1003333株/hm2密度的青杨灌木混交林成林、白桦纯林、紫果云杉纯林和白桦紫果云杉混交林水分生产效率居所有林分之首,其水分生产力指标可作为该地区常规造林技术条件下乔木成林的水分生产力标准;3)3000株/hm2左右密度的青杨灌木混交林、白桦紫果云杉混交林、紫果云杉纯林和白桦纯林成林的水分生产潜力基本达到了目前当地林木的最大生产能力。表明上述林分类型的造林模式可作为今后退耕还林工程和林业生态工程建设的发展方向。     

不同类型小麦品种孕穗期低温生理反应及其抗寒性分析

为明确冬小麦抗低温倒春寒的生理机制,以多穗型小麦品种济麦22、邯6172和大穗型小麦品种临麦4号、潍麦8号为材料,研究了孕穗期低温(1℃、-2℃)对小麦叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,在低温处理当天,1℃低温下,4个品种的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量均不同程度增加,SOD活性除济麦22外均提高;-2℃低温下,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加更明显,SOD活性除临麦4号外均降低,各品种MDA含量均显著减少。低温处理第3d和第6d,低温最初诱导产生的脯氨酸逐渐减少,MDA含量大幅降低,其余指标均增加。经用隶属函数法综合分析,4个品种的抗寒性相近,穗型间差异不明显。     

Evaluation of Sensitivity to Phoxim and Cypermethrin in an Endoparasitoid,Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Its Parasitization Efficiency Under Insecticide Stress

Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose–mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC₃₀ and LC₅₀). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC₅₀ values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC₃₀ was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.     

芒果采后生物学及贮运保鲜技术研究进展

芒果为呼吸跃变型果实,采后迅速后熟,6～8 d便出现乙烯高峰,随后逐渐出现炭疽病、蒂腐病,果实耐贮藏性和抗病性显著下降.芒果贮运保鲜技术主要在于控制果实的后熟进程和腐烂发生.评述了近年来芒果采后生理、采后病害和贮运保鲜技术等方面的研究进展,展望了新的研究方向,并提出了乙烯受体抑制剂在芒果采后贮运保鲜上的应用前景.     

我国东北地区土壤中的硒

硒是人和其它动物必需的微量元素,土壤和植物中硒含量过低,可引起牲畜的白肌病,如果土壤和植物中硒含量过高,又会引起牲畜的硒中毒现象。在国外,硒与动物健康关系的研究工作比较多^[7,5]。     

界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染调查与评价

为了解界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染现状和特征,制定相应的农业面源防控措施,对流域内农业面源污染情况进行了调查分析和评价。通过对该典型小流域内陶庙镇、王集镇、代桥镇、泉阳镇4个乡镇的11个行政村的农田污染源、养殖污染源及人居生活污染源进行实地走访,调查数据应用等标污染负荷法进行评价分析。结果表明,界首市泉河小流域内4个乡镇的农业面源污染排放源中,农田污染源的污染物总量和污染负荷率分别是17.44 t和4.68％;养殖污染物排放总量和污染源负荷分别是99.31 t和26.63％;生活源污染物的排放量和污染负荷率最大,分别达到256.19 t和68.69％;在COD、TN、TP 3个主要评价因子中,污染负荷率最高的是COD,达80.22％,TN污染负荷率为9.22％,TP的污染负荷率为10.56％;养殖业污染和人居生活污染源是界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染的主要来源,也是该小流域农业面源污染防控的重点。在治理该小流域农业面源污染时,应大力发展绿色、生态、循环农业,严格控制畜禽养殖污染,加大农村人居环境整治,强化政府在农业面源污染治理中的统筹引导作用等。     

亚麻胶的研究

亚麻种子的种皮占种子干重的４５％左右，且种皮的５５％是胶质，约占干种子的２５％左右，这种胶属酸性粘胶，简称亚麻胶。该胶可用水、碱、酸提取，提取量与水解温度和时间有关，胶的酯化度和甲氧基含量与提取温度有关。     

甘肃省春小麦根病化学防治技术研究

１９９１－１９９５上经室内、田间试验研究,筛选出三唑酮、烯唑醇、丙环唑等三唑类坐菌剂为防治小麦根病的有效药剂,其中以２５％丙环唑乳油拌种病增产效果最好,白穗防效可达９０％以上;不同剂量试验结果,按种重０．０５－０．１％拌种经济有效;通过药剂剂型、施药时期和方法研究表明,改变药剂剂型和施药方法,可延长药效、提高防效;湿抖闷种防病增产效果优于干拌。     

土壤类型对不同基因型烤烟化学成分的影响

通过小区试验,以云烟87、K326、南江3号、云烟203和KRK26 5个品种C3F等级烟叶为材料,研究了不同土壤类型对不同基因型烤烟化学成分的影响。结果表明,不同土壤类型对不同基因型烤烟化学成分影响不同;土壤类型对KRK26和云烟203的总糖和还原糖影响较小,对南江3号、K326和云烟87的影响较为显著。石堤地区的土壤更有利于云烟87、K326、南江3号和KRK26烟叶中总氮的吸收和烟碱的合成积累。不同类型土壤种植的不同基因型烤烟烤后烟叶的氯含量普遍较低,钾含量普遍>1.5%,钾氯比较高,高坪地区土壤的供钾能力高于石堤和花桥地区。