Ovipositor length of threeApocrypta species: Effect on oviposition behavior and correlation with syconial thickness

We investigated oviposition behavior in three non-pollinating fig wasps: the sympatric speciesApocrypta bakeri Joseph onFicus hispida L.,A. westwoodi Grandi onF. racemosa L., andApocrypta sp. onF. semicordata Buch.-Ham. The oviposition behavior differs significantly between one pair of species (A. bakeri andA. westwoodi) and the other species (Apocrypta sp. onF. semicordata).A. bakeri andA. westwoodi were similar in the following aspects: the posture of the abdomen and the action of the hind legs before penetration, and the bending ovipositor sheath during penetration. In contrast, the oviposition behavior ofApocrypta sp. is quite different. This difference can be explained by the significant correlation between ovipositor length and syconial thickness.Apocrypta sp. has a shorter ovipositor than the two other species, which correlates with the thinner syconial wall of its host figF. semicordata. It is deduced that the ovipositor length adapts to the syconial thickness and induces the oviposition behavior in the different species to diverge. For all threeApocrypta species, the midleg length and hindleg length are significantly correlated with their ovipositor lengths. This may be explained as due to the fact that body movement adjusting the hindlegs and midlegs up and down, or forward and backward, is also influenced by the ovipositor length.     

Stability and fitness of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant phenotypes in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple

Phenotype stability, fitness, and competitive ability of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple were investigated. Stability of resistance was determined after consecutive transfers on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or being cycled on apple fruit. In vitro fitness components mycelial growth, osmotic sensitivity, conidial germination, and sporulation were evaluated on agar media. Pathogenicity, virulence and sporulation on apple fruit were evaluated at both 20 and 0°C. Competition between fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates on apple fruit also was evaluated. Resistance to the two fungicides was retained at levels similar to that of the initial generation after 20 and 10 transfers on PDA and five and three disease cycles on apple fruit at 20 and 0°C, respectively. Great variability in individual fitness components tested was observed among isolates within the same phenotype groups either sensitive or resistant to the fungicides but, when compared as phenotype groups, there were no significant differences in the mean values of these fitness components between resistant and sensitive phenotypes except that the phenotype resistant only to boscalid produced fewer conidia in vitro than sensitive isolates. Resistant isolates were as pathogenic and virulent on apple fruit as sensitive isolates. There was no significant correlation between the values of individual fitness components tested and the level of resistance to pyraclostrobin or boscalid, except that virulence at 20°C positively correlated with the level of resistance to the two fungicides. The final frequency of pyraclostrobin-resistant individuals in the populations was significantly decreased compared with the initial generation and no boscalid-resistant individuals were detected after four disease cycles on apple fruit inoculated with a pair mixture of a dual-sensitive isolate and one isolate each of the three phenotypes resistant to pyraclostrobin, boscalid, or both. The results suggest that resistance of B. cinerea to pyraclostrobin and boscalid was stable in the absence of the fungicides and that resistance to the two fungicides did not significantly impair individual fitness components tested. However, both pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates exhibited competitive disadvantage over the dual-sensitive isolate on apple fruit.     

“Cyst nematode”中文译名应该为“孢囊线虫”

农作物孢囊线虫病害（crop cyst nematode diseases）近年来已经成为威胁我国农业生产安全的重要植物病原线虫病害,鉴于国内部分有关学术论著与文献中, 对“cyst nematode ” 的中译名写法有歧义,作者通过文献的阐述与论证,认为“cyst nematode”的中译名称应该为“孢囊线虫”,而不用“胞囊线虫”,以免引起混乱。     

蛋鸡育成期饲养管理的体会

育成期的饲养管理,要求后备母鸡既有标准的体重、胫长,又有健壮的体质,即必须具备未来的高产能力和高产持久力,同时在育成后期,即12周龄之后,保持体成熟和性成熟的一致性。实践证明,鸡的体重长期不达标,或偶尔达标、或长期走标准的下限,都是低产鸡;为了好管理,很多人在鸡60日龄左右就开始装笼,产蛋高峰期短,容易产生产蛋疲劳综合征;     

猪miR-206前体的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

研究骨骼肌中表达的miRNAs对深入探明骨骼肌生长发育的调控机制具有十分重要的意义。采用比较基因组学与生物信息学相结合的方法,从猪骨骼肌中克隆了猪miR-206的前体（Precursor）,对该miRNA前体的二级结构及与其它物种序列的同源性进行了分析。RT-PCR结果显示,该前体miRNA在猪大多数组织中均有表达,在骨骼肌中表达量最高。生物信息学分析表明miR-206前体序列在不同物种间具有较高的保守性。     

猪主要经济性状的基因组选择研究

旨在系统比较GBLUP、SSGBLUP、BayesA、BayesB、BayesC、BayesLASSO、BSLMM和BayesR等8种方法对猪重要经济性状基因组选择的准确性。本研究以本实验室收集的2 585头大白猪达100kg日龄、达100kg背膘厚和母猪乳头数3个性状为分析对象,结合猪50K基因芯片分型数据,以加性模型为基础,利用5倍交叉验证比较8种方法的基因组选择准确性。研究发现,基因组选择的准确性与不同性状估计遗传力呈正相关。交叉验证结果表明,预测准确性最高的性状为达100kg日龄,但不同方法在不同性状中表现并不完全相同,在达100kg日龄和达100kg背膘厚中SSGBLUP基因组预测准确性均为最高,而在母猪乳头数中BayesA的基因组预测准确性最高。综上表明,对小样本开展基因组预测时,中、高等遗传力性状可以选择SSGBLUP方法,低等遗传力性状可以选择BayesA方法。如何优化和选择一种广泛适用于所有性状的方法,可能是未来研究的方向。     

锌、铁、钼配施对紫花苜蓿产草量及锌铁钼含量和吸收量的影响

采用随机区组试验设计,研究锌、铁、钼配施对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)产草量及锌铁钼含量和吸收量的影响,为其合理施肥提供依据。结果表明:锌、铁、钼以不同比例配施均能提高紫花苜蓿产草量,且单施锌(12kg·hm^-2)、铁(15 kg·hm^-2)、钼(0.5 kg·hm^-2)或两两配施效果显著(P<0.05);尤其是锌(12 kg·hm^-2)和钼(0.5 kg·hm^-2)配施,产草量最高(7.01 t·hm^-2),较对照增产25.40%。锌、铁、钼以不同比例配施对紫花苜蓿锌铁钼含量和吸收量影响不尽相同,锌(12 kg·hm^-2)、铁(15 kg·hm^-2)、钼(0.5 kg·hm^-2)三者互作能显著(P<0.05)提高苜蓿锌铁钼的含量和锌钼吸收量,钼锌互作能显著(P<0.05)提高苜蓿钼和锌的含量和吸收量;单施锌或锌铁互作能显著(P<0.05)提高苜蓿锌的含量和吸收量;单施钼或钼铁互作能显著(P<0.05)提高苜蓿钼的含量和吸收量;而单施铁或与锌或钼互作均未能显著提高苜蓿铁的含量和吸收量。     

区域尺度下气候因子的插值优化及其与草地NPP的相关性

利用甘肃省及周边42个气象站点的气象数据和154个草地样地地上生物量（风干质量）实测数据,在AMMRR插值方法的基础上,加入坡度、坡向两个变量,对甘肃省1996－2005年的年均温和年降水量、不同季节温度和降水量进行空间模拟,并分析了甘肃省年均温和年降水量的空间分布格局,以及草地净初级生产力(NPP)对年均温、年降水量和不同季节温度、降水量的响应。结果表明,1）相对其他插值方法,引入了坡度、坡向等微观地理因子的AMMRR插值方法,可充分体现甘肃省的年均温、年降水量受地形影响的微观变化,更符合实际情况。2）除冬季外,草地NPP与不同时期的温度之间均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）,与不同时期的降水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,而且与降水量的相关性明显高于温度。     

甘肃新选育党参品系与主栽品种的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子标记技术,分析了新选育党参（Codonopsis pilosula）8个品系和2个主栽品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。结果显示,14条引物共扩增出159个位点,其中多态位点26个,多态性位点比率为46.43%,材料间遗传相似系数范围在0.771 9～0.964 9,说明甘肃省主栽党参品种资源具有较丰富的遗传多样性。根据聚类分析结果,党参品种DS6与所有其他供试材料的亲缘关系最远,可单独聚为一类;DS3与DS8的亲缘关系最近,其相似系数为0.964 9。     

一例鹦鹉绦虫及其肠道组织病理的观察

采用常规尸解,石蜡切片、苏木精-曙红染色（H—E）、绦虫整体醋酸明矶洋红染色等方法’对一只病死蓝眼葵花鹦鹉的绦虫病原及肠道组织病理进行了初步研究。结果表明：该蓝眼葵花鹦鹉肠道内寄生有大量瑞氏绦虫,集结成团堵塞了肠道。肠道组织病理分析发现肠牯膜上皮部分组织坏死、脱落,小肠绒毛固有层、黏膜下层及浆膜内有充血、炎细胞浸润,显示该种绦虫对鹦鹉肠道组织造成了一定损伤,影响了鹦鹅对营养物质的消化吸收。