Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation

A computer simulation was conducted to predict the effects of rake angle of a chisel plough and soil bulk density on angle of soil failure plane, rupture distance, width of side crescent, frictional, overburden, cohesion and adhesion soil cutting factors, draft forces and drawbar power requirements. The experimental work was carried out in two locations. Soil of the first location was sandy clay with the soil bulk densities of 1.75 and 1.70 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 30° and a surface friction angle of 20°, cohesion of 2.5 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.2 kN/m². Soil of the second location was clay loam with the soil bulk densities of 1.65 and 1.50 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 34° and a surface friction angle of 23°, cohesion of 2.4 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.14 kN/m². The prediction showed that the angle of failure plane found to decrease with the rake angle. The rupture distance decreased with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then increased as the rake angle increased over 55°. The width of the side crescent increased as the rake angle increased and the maximum value and the minimum value were recorded at 75° and at 15°. Values of frictional and overburden factors decreased as rake angle increased. The maximum and minimum values were recorded at 15° and 75°, respectively. The values of cohesion factor increased as rake angle increased. The maximum value was recorded at rake angle of 75° and the minimum value was recorded at rake angle of 15°. Adhesion factor was found to change inversely with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then to change directly with the rake angle over 55°. The draft force decreased with the rake angle and reached its minimum value at 45° rake angle. Over 45°, the draft force increased and reached its maximum value at 75° rake angle. The draft increased with soil bulk density. The power required for moving the plough recorded the maximum value at rake angle of 15°, while the minimum value was recorded at 55° rake angle. The values of power increased with decrease of soil bulk density. The predicted values demonstrated some deviations from the experimental values of the draft force and the drawbar power.     

不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对土壤-灰岩系统钙镁锌元素迁移作用的土柱模拟实验研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了筛选自西南岩溶区的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对石灰岩的溶蚀动态及作用效果,并研究了这3种类群微生物及其碳酸酐酶(CA)对土壤-灰岩系统Ca、Mg、Zn元素迁移的影响。结果表明:①实验所用的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌均对石灰岩有较强的溶蚀作用,但是不同类群的微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀效果不同,溶蚀后石灰岩的表面形貌变化不同,其中,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,放线菌和细菌次之;②典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对不同元素迁移的影响不同,对于Zn2 、Ca2 的迁移影响而言,真菌>放线菌>细菌>无菌对照组;对于Mg2 的迁移影响而言,细菌>真菌>放线菌>无菌对照组;③一定范围内温度增加对Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的迁移有不同程度的促进作用;④土柱淋出液中CA平均活性与Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的总淋失量之间存在一定的正相关关系,说明CA对这3种元素的迁移具有一定的影响,且因不同元素而异。本研究结果对于评价不同类群微生物在生物岩溶及岩溶系统元素迁移中的作用和地位提供了一定的科学依据。     

不同铵硝比营养液对生菜生长发育影响的研究

氮素是作物生长所必需的营养元素之一。在一般情况下，作物能够吸收利用的氮素形态有多种。但从营养学角度来说，植物生长的主要氮源为NH4^＋-N和NO3^-—N。由于作物本身遗传特性和营养特点以及环境条件的差异，作物对NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的吸收利用和适宜性也有不同。对蔬菜作物来说，     

广东汕头市土壤环境砷污染状况及污染因素分析

通过对汕头市72个菜地土壤表层样品和43个水稻土壤表层样品的分析测试,初步摸清了汕头市土壤环境中砷含量分布。其中72个菜地土壤样品和42个水稻土壤表层样品的砷含量全部符合国家土壤环境质量一级标准,但有1个水稻土壤样品砷含量达到了25.1mgkg-1,超出了国家土壤环境质量一级标准,指示该区域有点源污染存在的可能。汕头市各区、县土壤砷元素含量极不均匀,主要与成土母质及后期人为扰动等因素有关。     

空间变异在土壤性质长期定位观测及取样中的应用

通过对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站30m×42m样地进行网格法分层取样,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,以土壤pH和有机碳(TOC)为例,探讨了空间变异在土壤性质定位试验及取样中的应用。结果表明,49对样本的pH和TOC变异系数均小于10%,变量在0~10cm和10~20cm两个层次的基本统计数值基本接近,最佳理论模型的参数显示各变量空间变异主要受结构性因素的影响,且以135°方向的变异为主;相对误差为10%时采集6个和10个土样可分别达到95%和99%的置信水平,结合空间分布格局可以确定更为精确的取样方案;综合分析表明待选样地可以作为土壤性质长期定位观测试验用地。     

CO2施肥对黄瓜幼苗矿质营养吸收与分配的影响

以土培和砂培黄瓜幼苗为试材，研究CO₂施肥对植株矿质营养吸收和分配的影响。结果表明：每天上午以1100±100 μl/L CO₂浓度施肥3 h或上、下午各施肥3 h明显降低植株各部位多数矿质元素的含量，CO₂施肥时间延长，降幅增大。CO₂施肥增强了黄瓜对矿质元素的吸收能力，使单株吸收总量显著增加，且施肥时间越长，吸收数量越多。因此，在CO₂施肥的同时应增加矿质营养的供给。     

泥石流危险度的模糊综合评判

泥石流沟谷是一个复杂的“模糊”系统,它是由多种因素构成,应用模糊综合评判法,选取了7个因子作为泥石流危险度划分的主要关联因子,并且运用了灰色系统关联度分析法确定了评价因子隶属度,对泥石流沟谷危险程度进行了判别,其评价结果显示了模糊评判法具有较高的判别准确度,为进行有效的灾害防治提供了可靠的科学依据。     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

2BD-7型多功能精密耕播机的试验研究

为满足大豆“暗垄密”高产栽培技术而研制了具有平作不起垄、精密双条播种、分层深施肥功能的大豆精密耕播机,并获得国家实用新型专利。该机通过滑刀式施肥开沟器、双圆盘播种开沟器等结构的设计,垂直型孔轮式排种器、外槽轮式排肥器的选用,以及性能试验和生产试验证明各项技术性能完全满足大豆“暗垄密”高产栽培技术的要求,提高大豆产量20%以上,适宜在大豆生产中推广使用。     

硅灰石纤维填充超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料干滑动摩擦磨损的BP神经网络分析

超高分子量聚乙烯及其复合材料由于其优良的自润滑和防黏性能可用于农业工程装备中的滑动接触部件和触土部件。基于人工神经网络在复杂系统建模问题上的优越性,考察了几种因素对硅灰石纤维增强复合材料的摩擦和磨损性能影响的模型。考虑到输入、输出数据个数,调试设计了一个3×10×2的BP神经网络,其输入层由3个神经元构成,分别为硅灰石纤维的处理方法、硅灰石纤维的加入量和试验过程中的法向载荷。隐含层有10个神经元。输出层2个神经元分别为材料的摩擦系数和磨损量。基于上述BP神经网络对硅灰石纤维增强超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料的干滑动摩擦磨损性能进行了模拟和预测。对神经网络的训练和检验表明该BP神经网络能够较好地预测影响因素对复合材料的干滑动摩擦和磨损的作用,大部分数据的预测值与试验值的误差在10%以内,其仿真精度能够满足实际的摩擦磨损预测要求。