Microwave heat dyeing of polyester fabric

The effect of padding solution on the microwave heat dyeing of polyester fabric was studied extensively. Polyester fabrics were impregnated in aqueous urea solution and aqueous sodium chloride solution for 10 min and then dyed for 7 min by microwave apparatus (2 450 MHz, 700 W) under optimum conditions which provide good exhaustion. Aqueous solutions of urea and sodium chloride showed more effective than water as a padding solution for microwave heat dyeing. The type of solvent added in padding media and its concentration significantly affects the K/S values of dyed polyester fabric. Added solvents such as n-hexane, acetone, and dimethyl formamide were also more effective than 100% water as padding media for the microwave heat dyeing. It is supposed that the effect of used solvents on dyeing property of polyester fabrics depends on the solubility parameter difference between solvent and polyester fabric.     

Performance improvement of nonformaldehyde wrinkle resistant finished cotton fabrics treated with dialdehydes

Additives, such as sodium perborate and borax, were examined in dialdehyde wrinkle resistant finishing of cotton. Results indicated that the whiteness index (WI) of cotton treated with dialdehyde and additive showed about 90% of WI of the untreated cotton but with decrease in wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) due to inhibition effect of these additives. Effect of additive on the WRA reduction was more prominent with glutaraldehyde than with glyoxal. Reduction in WRA of cotton treated with both dialdehydes and boron compound was minimized by simultaneous addition of formic acid in the bath. Addition of formic acid was also generally beneficial in maintaining WI retentions after 8 months storage. Furthermore, boron compounds were also effective in improving retentions of mechanical properties. By FTIR analysis the residual aldehyde group was detected on the dialdehyde-finished cotton, whereas no peak was shown by addition of boron compounds. This suggested that the residual aldehyde group was a main cause of fabric yellowing on the dialdehyde-finished cotton. Dialdehyde with boron compound, therefore, can be used to replace a conventional formaldehyde-containing wrinkle resistant finishing of cotton.     

Dyeing of cotton and polyester/cotton blend with disperse dyes using sodium 2-(2,3-dibromopropionylamino)-5-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-benzenesulfonate

The cotton fabrics were pretreated by sodium 2-(2,3-dibromopropionylamino)-5-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-benzenesulfonate (DBDCBS) at alkaline condition of room temperature and then dyed with four disperse dyes having amino groups (C.I. Disperse Yellow 9, C.I. Disperse Red 11, C.I. Disperse Blue 56 and C.I. Disperse Violet 1) at acidic condition of high temperature. A novel hetero-bifunctional bridge compound,DBDCBS, has two reactive groups such as dichloro-s-triazinyl group andα, β-dibromopropionylamido group. The first has reactivity towards hydroxy group of cellulosic fiber and the second shows reactivity towards amino groups of disperse dye containing amino groups. The results indicate that it is possible to dye polyester/cotton blend at one-bath dyeing using one kind of disperse dye containing amino groups. Therefore, two kinds of dyeing methods such as two-bath process one-bath dyeing and one-bath process one-bath dyeing were investigated and their dyeabilities were compared. The differences between these two methods were negligibly small so that perfect one-bath one-step dyeing of polyester/cotton blend by one kind of disperse dye was achieved.     

Synthesis of liquid crystalline spiroxazine derivatives

Liquid crystalline spiroxazine derivatives have been synthesized. The spiroxazines obtained were characterized by¹H-NMR, IR spectroscopy, UV and GC-MS.     

Effects of chlorpropham (CIPC) on sprouting of individual potato eyes and on plant emergence

The sprout inhibitor chlorpropham (CIPC) was applied in varying concentrations to individual eyes of potato tubers. Sensitivity of a given eye to CIPC depended upon the status of the remaining eyes on the same tuber. If the remaining eyes were inhibited, higher concentrations of CIPC were required for inhibition of the given eye. Apical eyes were more sensitive to CIPC than were lateral eyes. It was confirmed that CIPC is highly volatile and that contaminating levels of CIPC vapors can induce a rosette sprout growth. Seed potatoes treated with low concentrations of CIPC before planting sprouted more slowly than untreated potatoes, and the delay was related to CIPC concentration. At high CIPC levels, total emergence as well as rate of emergence was reduced. However, emergence was far greater than would have been anticipated from the sprouting of similar treated lots held in storage.     

Synthesis and characterization of copolyester sizing agents

The effect of main chain structure of anion-containing copolyesters on the properties of copolyester sizing agents was investigated. The copolyesters were prepared by conventional two step polymerization technique from DMT, DMI, DMS, EG, and DEG. The copolyesters synthesized were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy,¹H-NMR Spectroscopy, GC, FTIR Spectroscopy, and DSC. The solubility decreased as the DMT content increased. The copolyesters having DMT:DMI=1:1 showed the minimum viscosity. The effect of EG content on the solution stability was not clear and the samples having high DMI content showed better solution stability. The water resistance was best when only DMI and EG were used, while it was worst when DMT:DMI was 1:0.     

Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on the storage of carbohydrate fixed at different stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Increasing global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are expected to influence crop production. To investigate the effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.), plants were grown under ambient CO₂ (AMB) or free-air CO₂-enrichment (FACE) at CO₂ concentrations ranged from 275 to 365 μmol mol⁻¹ above AMB. We supplied ¹³CO₂ to the plants at different growth stages so we could examine the contribution of carbohydrate stored during the vegetative stage or newly fixed carbohydrate produced during the grain-filling stage to ear weight at grain maturity. In plants supplied with ¹³C at the panicle-initiation or pre-heading stages, plants grown under FACE had more starch in the stems at heading, but there was no difference in stem ¹³C content. Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments in whole-plant ¹³C contents at heading and grain maturity. In contrast, plants supplied with ¹³C at the grain-filling stage had more ¹³C in the whole plant and the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB, indicating that the increased amount of photosynthate produced at the grain-filling stage under CO₂ enrichment might be effectively stored in the grains. Furthermore, regardless of when the ¹³C was supplied, plants had more ¹³C in starch in the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB. Therefore, CO₂ enrichment appears to promote partitioning of photosynthate produced during both vegetative and grain-filling stages to the grains.     

Preparation and properties of waterborne poly(urethane-urea) ionomers effect of the type of neutralizing agent

A series of waterborne poly(urethane-urea) anionomers were prepared from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polycaprolactone diol (PCL), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), ethylene diamine (EDA), and triethylamine (TEA), NaOH, or Cu(COOCH₃)₂ as neutralizing agent. This study was performed to decide the effect of neutralizing agent type on the particle size, viscosity, hydrogen bonding index, adhesive strength, antistaticity, antibacterial and mechanical properties. The particle size of the dispersions decreased in the following order: TEA based samples (T-sample), NaOH based samples(N-sample), and Cu(COOCH₃)₂ based sample (C-sample). The viscosity of the dispersions increased in the order of C-sample, N-sample, and T-sample. Metal salt based film samples (N and C-sample) had much higher antistaticity than TEA based sample. By infrared spectroscopy, it was found that the hydrogen bonding index (or fraction) of samples decreased in the order of T-sample, N-sample, and C-sample. The adhesive strength and tensile modulus/strength decreased in the order of T-sample, N-sample, and C-sample. The C-sample had strong antibacterial halo, however, T- and N-samples did not.     

Isolation,partial purification and characterization of a potato peel ∞-solanine cleaving glycosidase

An enzyme which hydrolyzes the rhamnose from ∞-solanine was isolated and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation from the peels of Kennebec and Wauseon potatoes. Enzyme activity was found to be present in the 60 to 80% ammonium sulfate fraction. Enzyme activity was increased by the use of non-ionic detergents with a mixture of Triton X-100:Triton CF-54 (2:1, w/w) providing the greatest increase in activity. The pH optimum for the rhamnosidase for both varieties was found to be 6.0 while of the temperatures evaluated 42 °C was the optimum temperature. The effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity was determined for both varieties and the Vmax and Km were calculated from Lineweaver-Burke double reciprocal plots. The Vmax and Km for the Kennebec and Wauseon rhamnosidases were found to be 0.27 mg/ml and 5.4 x 10^-4 M and 0.48 mg/ml and 8.2 x 10^-4 M, respectively.     

The fabrication and characterization of the photovoltaic cells composed of polydiacetylene and fullerene

Propargyl alcohol was coupled to 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol (HDD) and crystallized in the process of ultraviolet irradiation-induced topochemical polymerization. The HDD polymer crystals were used as one component in the fabrication of organic photovoltaic cells, in combination with fullerene as the electron acceptor. The various structures of the produced photovoltaic cells included bilayer, trilayer, and bulk heterojunction structures. Their photovoltaic properties were analyzed in relation to crystal structure, electrochemical properties, and band structure of the HDD polydiacetylene polymers.