兔粪堆肥技术初步研究

试验旨在研究兔粪堆肥过程中的参数变化,为规模化兔场兔粪堆肥处理提供技术储备。以兔粪和稻草为原料进行室内堆肥,设置兔粪-稻草组、兔粪-稻草翻堆组和兔粪组,在为期55d的堆肥过程中,测定了各堆体温度、水分、酸碱度(pH)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、大肠杆菌和种子发芽指数(GI)随时间的变化。结果表明:在堆肥过程中,各组高温期温度均能维持5 d以上,能达到了粪便无害化卫生标准的要求,兔粪-稻草翻堆组高温阶段持续时间最长;各组有机质相对含量总体呈上升趋势,堆肥结束时,有机质均稳定在35%以上;TP和TK总体呈上升趋势;高温期时大肠杆菌数均为0,但随着温度的降低,又出现了少量的大肠杆菌;种子发芽指数总体呈上升趋势,堆肥37d后均能达到腐熟标准。由此可见,生产中对兔粪进行处理,既可以单独利用兔粪进行堆肥,也可以采用兔粪和稻草按7.4∶1的比例进行混合堆肥。     

梳齿式采棉机籽棉清理装置的研制

针对现有采棉机结构复杂、维护成本高以及采收后棉花含杂率高等问题,设计了梳齿式采棉机,首次将清杂装置与采摘台同机使用,降低了籽棉的含杂率.工作时,刺钉滚筒将籽棉打松,并输送到除杂筛网表面,通过与网面的摩擦,使粒径小的杂质与籽棉脱离.随后,籽棉被抛掷到锯齿滚筒上,根据籽棉与杂质在锯齿滚筒上的反弹性能和附着力的不同,使铃壳、僵瓣在惯性离心力的作用下与籽棉分离.田间试验表明:该清理装置工作顺畅,纯小时生产率为2t/h,籽棉含杂率为16%,将籽棉送美国原装机采籽棉生产线进行试轧,综合等级达到3级,纤维长度29mm,12mm以下的短绒含量为8.3%,性能达到设计规范要求.     

Variability in energy partitioning and resistance parameters for a vineyard in northwest China

Grapevines are extensively grown in the semiarid and arid regions, but little information is available on the variability of energy partitioning and resistance parameters for the vineyard. To address this question, an eddy covariance system was applied to measure energy balance over a vineyard in northwest China during 2005-2006. Result indicated that 2-year average Bowen ratio (β) of vineyard was 1.0, canopy resistance (r_c) 289.3 s m⁻¹, aerodynamic resistance (r_a) 9.7 s m⁻¹ and climatological resistance (r_i) 117 s m⁻¹. This implied that the annual energy was split almost equally between sensible heat and latent heat. Compared to the corresponding values in other ecosystems reported by Wilson et al. [Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S., 2002. Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Resource Research 38, 1294-1305.], the vineyard had a higher β, r_c and r_i than deciduous forests, corn and soybean, and grassland. Such difference was mainly attributed to (1) serious water stress in 2005, which resulted in a greater r_c up to 364.4 s m⁻¹; (2) sparse canopy with row spacing of 2.9 m and plant spacing of 1.8 m; (3) warm-dry climate and high attitude (1581 m) along with higher r_i and lower psychrometer (54 Pa K⁻¹) in the arid region of northwest China. These characters of vineyard revealed varying process of energy partitioning and surface resistance, and provided a scientific basis in understanding and modeling water and energy balance for the vineyard in the semiarid and arid regions.     

圆柱水射流中的能量分布与统计特征

在13,15,17 MPa压力下,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）对自由圆柱水射流的轴向速度、轴向脉动速度和液滴粒径进行测量,对通过射流场中不同位置测量体的单个液滴特征进行统计分析,以获得单个液滴的轴向速度和对应的液滴数的相关特征,进而分析射流束中的能量分布.研究结果表明：在相同压力条件下,不同轴向截面上的轴向速度分布呈现一定的相似性,截面边缘处的轴向速度梯度较大;截面边缘处的轴向脉动速度较大,且随射流压力增加,轴向脉动速度增大.对位于中间点的测量体,具有较高速度的液滴占据绝大多数;对边缘处的测量体,液滴速度谱较宽.在不同轴向截面上,随射流压力的变化,对应位置的统计关系变化规律不同.在设定的第1采样时段内,在各中心点处测量体内采集到的有效液滴数相差不大.但穿越边缘点测量体的有效液滴数随射流压力和截面位置的变化极不规则.     

Determination of comprehensive quality index for tomato and its response to different irrigation treatments

In order to investigate better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato under limit water supply, two experiments of different irrigation treatments were conducted in the arid region of northwest China during spring to summer in 2008 (2008 season) and winter in 2008 to summer in 2009 (2008-2009 season). After measuring single quality attributes, the analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used to determine the weight of single quality attributes and comprehensive quality index, respectively. The results show that the rank of comprehensive quality index had good fitness to that of single quality attributes, indicating that the comprehensive quality index was reliable. Compared to full irrigation, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the seedling stage had slight improvement of comprehensive quality and limit water saving. Applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the fruit maturation and harvesting stage decreased the yield by 23.0-40.9%, but had the best comprehensive quality. However, applying 1/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly reduced crop water consumption and had obvious improvement of comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly and water use efficiency in the 2008 season. And applying 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly decreased crop water consumption and slightly improved the comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly in the 2008-2009 season. Considering the water saving amount, yield and comprehensive quality, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage and no water stress in other growth stages appears to be a better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato, which can be recommended for the spring to summer and winter to summer seasons in the arid region of northwest China.     

数据融合技术在温室温度检测中的应用

根据温室环境中空间大,温度场分布受到各种参数影响大等特点,提出了采用数据融合方法来处理温室中采集到的传感器数据,采用分布图法剔除疏失误差,采用基于均值的分批估计的融合方法对采集的数据进行处理,提高了温度采集的精度,同时有效地消除了由于传感器失效引起的误差。     

苹果采后加工碰撞损伤影响因素研究

针对苹果在清洗、分级和包装等采后加工过程中损伤率较高的问题,以红富士苹果为试验材料,利用自制的苹果跌落试验台,研究跌落高度、果实质量、碰撞材料对苹果碰撞损伤的影响.通过3因素3水平正交试验,分析试验因素对苹果碰撞损伤体积影响显著性;并通过试验确定苹果在2种碰撞材料下的碰撞损伤临界跌落高度.试验结果表明:影响苹果碰撞损伤...     

灌溉施氮和种植密度对棉花叶面积指数与产量的影响

为构建便于实际应用的棉花叶面积指数和产量模型,综合考虑灌溉、施肥、种植密度及覆膜的影响,建立了基于相对有效积温的普适棉花相对叶面积指数的Logistic模型,并研究了棉花最大叶面积指数与全生育期灌水量、施氮量、种植密度及产量之间的关系。结果表明：覆膜棉花叶面积指数最大时的有效积温为1400℃左右,不覆膜棉花的叶面积指数最大时的有效积温为1600℃左右。棉花最大叶面积指数随耗水量、施氮量呈现出先增后减的变化趋势,而种植密度与最大叶面积指数之间表现出明显的正相关性。综合考虑灌水量、施氮量和种植密度的作用可以较为准确描述最大叶面积指数变化特征。棉花产量随着最大叶面积指数的变化呈现出明显的先增后减的变化趋势,当最大叶面积指数为4.93时籽棉产量最大达6066.2kg/hm2。相对化分析结果表明,覆膜与不覆膜棉花相对叶面积指数的变化趋势基本一致,相应的模型参数也基本相同,从而建立了全国范围内覆膜与不覆膜棉花统一的相对叶面积指数的Logistic模型。该研究为棉花科学种植和精细化管理提供了方法,也为其他作物在不同管理措施和地域时进行建模提供了参考。     

麦秸与木屑热解制备磁性生物炭基材料理化性质研究

分别以小麦秸秆和杨树木屑为原料,经浸渍-化学沉淀-高温热解制备磁性生物炭基复合材料,考察负载铁处理在不同原料类型、热解温度下对材料理化特性的影响。结果表明:复合材料中铁主要以Fe3O4的形式存在,材料外层含量较内层高。负载铁处理加速了生物质热解脱氢和脱氧进程,对生物炭理化特性的影响效应随温度升高而加剧。在300~600℃的热解温度下,负载铁处理小麦秸秆和木屑热解炭的灰分质量分数均增加,增加范围分别为28.8~34.4个百分点,39.1~47.6个百分点,而固定碳含量、热值均降低;比表面积、总孔容均增大,增大范围分别为:10.67~72.24 m2/g、0.039 8~0.093 1 cm3/g,15.43~105.14 m2/g、0.010 4~0.078 9 cm3/g,而平均孔径减小。负载铁处理对两种生物质挥发分含量和pH值的影响不同,表现为:负载铁秸秆生物炭的挥发分质量分数增加5.2~13.2个百分点,pH值降低0.04~1.49,而负载铁木屑生物炭的挥发分质量分数在300℃降低17.4个百分点,在400~600℃增加8.5~22.2个百分点,pH值则升高0.33~1.93。     

腐殖酸-高岭石胶体对铀(VI)在饱和多孔介质中迁移过程的影响

为探讨可溶性有机质存在条件下黏土矿物胶体对铀（VI）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,选取2种石英砂（细砂和粗砂）分别构建均质构型的石英砂柱,研究了饱和水流条件下腐殖酸存在时高岭石胶体对铀在2种不同粒径石英砂中迁移的影响。结果表明,示踪溶质在2种均质石英砂柱中的穿透曲线相似且分布对称。当在石英砂柱中只通入铀（VI）溶液时,铀（VI）在2种粒径石英砂柱中的穿透量均较小（<25%）,此时大量的铀（VI）通过络合作用吸附在石英砂表面上。当通入溶液中存在腐殖酸和高岭石胶体时,铀（VI）在2种石英砂柱中的穿透量增加,且在600~850 μm石英砂中（58.36%）比250~425 μm石英砂中（42.68%）穿透量更多。这充分表明腐殖酸—高岭石胶体和石英砂粒径是影响铀（VI）在地下环境中迁移的重要因素。