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101.
Martin Mihaljevi? Vojt��ch Ettler Ond?ej ?ebek Ondra Sracek Bohdan K?��bek Tom��? Kyncl Vladim��r Majer Franti?ek Veselovsky 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,216(1-4):657-668
The composition of tree rings and soils was studied at several locations affected by smelting and transportation in the vicinity of Kitwe (Copperbelt, Zambia). The contents of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) and the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios in the tree rings were interpreted in relation to potential sources of contamination such as smelter production, acidification of the environment, soil composition, raw material processing, and atmospheric suspended particulate matter (SPM). The highest Co contents in the tree rings correspond to maximum ore production in the mid-1970s. Acidification through SO2 emissions is documented in the increased Mn contents from the mid-1980s. The isotopic composition of the tree rings of the studied tree species varies in the interval 1.16?C1.34 and the youngest parts of all the studied trees exhibit a low 206Pb/207Pb ratio (<1.17). The soil isotope composition varies in the range 206Pb/207Pb?=?1.18?C1.35. The Pb isotope composition in the soils and tree rings was formed by a combination of lithogenic Pb (206Pb/207Pb????1.3), Pb in processed ores (206Pb/207Pb????1.2), and SPM (automobile) Pb (206Pb/207Pb??1.1). As the soils in the distant region have high 206Pb/207Pb ratios (>1.3) in the whole profile and simultaneously the youngest parts of the tree rings of tree species growing in this soil have a low 206Pb/207Pb ratio (<1.17), it can be assumed that the Pb in the youngest parts of the tree species is derived from absorption of SPM Pb through the bark rather than root uptake. The absence of Pb with a low 206Pb/207Pb ratio in soils in the distant area is probably affected by fires in the herbaceous and bush undergrowth and plant litter, which prevents Pb from biomass from entering the soil and mobilize it back into the atmosphere. 相似文献
102.
Many studies have reported impeded root growth in topsoil under reduced tillage or direct drilling, but few have quantified the effects on the least limiting water range for root growth. This study explored the effects of tillage intensity on critical soil physical conditions for root growth in the topsoil. Samples were taken from a 7-year tillage experiment on a Danish sandy loam at Foulum, Denmark (56°30′ N, 9°35′ E) in 2008. The main crop was spring barley followed by either dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) or fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops as subtreatment. The tillage treatments were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8-10 cm (H), and ploughing (P) to 20 cm depth. A chisel coulter drill was used in the H and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in November 2008 at soil field moisture capacity from the 4-8 and 12-16 cm depths.We estimated the critical aeration limit from either 10% air-filled porosity (εa) or relative gas diffusivity (D/D0) of 0.005 or 0.02 and found a difference between the two methods. The critical limit of soil aeration was best assessed by measuring gas diffusivity directly. Root growth was limited by a high penetration resistance in the D and H soils (below tillage depth). Poor soil aeration did not appear to be a significant limiting factor for root growth for this sandy loam soil, irrespective of tillage treatment. The soil had a high macroporosity and D/D0 exceeded 0.02 at field capacity. Fodder radish resulted in more macropores, higher gas diffusivity and lower pore tortuosity compared to dyer's woad. This was especially important for the H treatment where compaction was a significant problem at the lower depths of the arable layer (10-20 cm depth). Our results suggest that fodder radish could be a promising tool in the amelioration of soil compaction. 相似文献
103.
Effects of N sources and methane concentrations on methane uptake potential of a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard soil 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
After removal of the above-ground plant debris three different soil layers were taken from a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard in Numata City, Japan. The potentials of soil CH4 uptake at two initial CH4 concentrations were studied under aerobic conditions in the laboratory, along with inhibition of soil CH4 oxidation by urea-N or KNO3-N addition. Due to long-term N inputs, the CH4 uptake of the upper mineral layer of the orchard soil was 25.4% and 87.7% lower than that of the surface forest soil at 2.4 and 12.6 l l–1 CH4, respectively. Methane uptake of the forest soil decreased with increasing soil depths at two CH4 levels. However, maximal CH4-consuming activity occurred in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil at 12.6 l l–1 methane. Nitrogen additions in the form of KNO3 or urea at the rate of 200 g N g–1 soil substantially reduced soil CH4 uptake in the upper and sub-surface mineral layers at both sites, except that the addition of KNO3-N had no apparent inhibitory effect on the CH4 uptake in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil. A strong inhibitory effect of NO3– addition on the CH4 uptake, in contrast to NH4+, occurred in the surface forest soil. The use of KNO3-N, as compared to urea or urea plus a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide), resulted in a lower potential to cause inhibition of CH4 oxidation in the 0- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil. 相似文献
104.
Minna-Liisa?RantalainenEmail author Hannu?Fritze Jari?Haimi Oili?Kiikkil? Taina?Pennanen Heikki?Set?l? 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,39(3):200-208
Due to their high abundance and ubiquitous existence, microbes are considered to be efficient colonisers of newly established habitats. To shed light on the dispersal mechanisms of soil microbes, a controlled microcosm experiment was established. In these microcosms, the dispersal of microbes from a source humus patch to originally sterile humus patches (embedded in a mineral soil matrix) was followed for 16 months, applying 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA-based PCR-DGGE molecular methods. Specifically, the role of enchytraeid worms and habitat (humus) corridors as possible facilitators of microbe dispersal was studied. The results showed that enchytraeid worms function efficiently as vectors for horizontal dispersal of saprophytic fungi in soil. Some of the fungi also proved to disperse through the corridors by vegetative growth, although this dispersal was inefficient as compared to dispersal with the enchytraeids. Virtually no saprophytic fungi were able to disperse through the mineral soil matrix in the absence of both enchytraeid worms and corridors. Unlike soil fungi, the dispersal of soil bacteria was not affected by any of the studied factors. The results of the present experiment provide direct evidence of the crucial role of soil fauna in aiding the horizontal dispersal of soil fungi. The role of enchytraeids as a functionally important species in boreal forest soils is further emphasized, since bringing microbes into contact with new resources is likely to enhance the rate of decomposition in soils. 相似文献
105.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a specially designed apparatus consisting of an upper and lower chamber where the treatment with rice was carried out (treatment 1). The apparatus also had a single chamber where treatment 2, without rice plants, was carried out. The scope of this study was to elucidate the influence of rice plant growth on gaseous N losses as N2 and N2O produced by nitrification-denitrification in a flooded soil fertilized with (NH4)2SO4 (with 56.50 atom% 15N). Gas samples were withdrawn weekly and analyzed for (N2 + N2O)-15N losses by mass spectrometer and for N2O by gas chromatograph. The gaseous (N2 + N2O)-15N losses of the treatment with rice plants were significantly (P =0.01) higher than those of the treatment without rice plants, as were the amounts of N2O emitted. Rice plants facilitate the efflux of N2 and N2O from soil to atmosphere, as about half of the total gaseous 15N loss as N2 and N2O was found in the upper chamber. The proportion of N2O-15N to (N2 + N2O)-15N in the upper chamber was 10.56%, much higher than that of the lower chamber in treatment 1 and the headspace of treatment 2. 相似文献
106.
107.
Land use changes threaten agricultural land. If agricultural land is going to be preserved, the social and economic causes
of conversion must be understood. However, analyzing the causes of agricultural conversion is complex because trends need
to be documented before analyzing the causes. One of the leading uses of agricultural land is for residential purposes. This
paper projects residential development in a Hudson River Valley watershed within Dutchess County in New York State using an
integrated modeling framework consisting of an econometric model, a geographic information system (GIS), and Monte Carlo simulation.
The econometric model is used to project residential development, providing parcel-specific probabilities of residential development.
The GIS is employed to extract socio-economic and county-level tax parcel data to be used in conjunction with bio-geophysical
attributes, such as slope, soil, and location, to calculate and project growth trends on a residential level for undeveloped
land parcels. Monte Carlo simulation is used to distribute these projections into the GIS to display outcomes of scenario
analyses to provide policy-makers a demonstration of how policies would likely affect the agricultural landscape of the watershed.
John M. Polimeni is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Albany College of Pharmacy
in Albany, New York. Dr. Polimeni received a PhD in Ecological Economics and a BS in Mathematics at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute. His professional interests include: quantitative economics, spatial and regional economics, land use change, economic
development, and graduate education in Ecological Economics. He is currently working on linking ecological economics with
the laws of thermodynamics and neuroeconomics into one unified model. 相似文献
108.
Background, Aims and Scope Disposal of dredged material in subaqueous depots is increasingly considered an economic and ecologically sound option in
managing contaminated dredged material. The concept of subaqueous disposals capped with active barrier systems has been developed
to minimize this risk of contaminant release. As such a depot represents a permanent installation within a sensitive ecosystem,
it requires a thorough monitoring concept. It is the goal of this work to develop such a concept regarding general considerations
and results of laboratory and field investigations.
Methods In addition to the state-of-the-art techniques developed for other under-water constructions, this monitoring concept is developed
with particular respect to the chemical isolation of the dredged material from the overlying water body. It comprises the
use of seepage meters, dialysis samplers, and DGT gel probes for determining the migration of selected target solutes. The
capability of the dialysis samplers is demonstrated by comparing field results with model calculations. The appropriateness
of DGT probes to assess the impact of humic substances on trace metal speciation and on copper toxicity is demonstrated with
the aid of laboratory experiments.
Results and Discussion The experimental results show that, by using dialysis samplers, the temporal changes in concentration-depth-profiles of heavy
metals in the pore solution can be monitored. Additionally, the application of DGT probes facilitates the in situ detection
of labile species of a metal in the presence of dissolved humic substances, which serves to reflect its toxicity. Conclusions.
Three subsequent monitoring phases are distinguished on the basis of both general considerations and the findings from field
results: A hydraulic phase that is characterized by compaction and pore water expulsion, a geochemical phase in which the
demobilization of pollutants can occur due to substantial changes in the physico-chemical conditions (pH, EH), and a steady-state-phase
where pore water flow and geochemical conditions are approaching their minimum.
Recommendations and Outlook The monitoring concept suggested here provides a versatile tool to assess the chemical isolation of subaqueous sediment depots
and other contaminated sediment sites. This is of great importance as subaqueous disposal is increasingly considered a future
management strategy as space for upland disposal is limited and treatment, in general, proves to be too costly. 相似文献
109.
Kay?HamerEmail author Astrid?Hadeler Thomas?Muschalla Jürgen?Schr?ter Günter?Timmer 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(4):284-291
Goal
Annually, 400.000 m3 harbour sediments are dredged to maintain the water depth in the harbours of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The sediment contains organic and inorganic pollutants and hence is deposited on a landfill. Because of the limited capacity of that landfill alternative treatment techniques are investigated. This study aims to evaluate the production of Light Weight Aggregates (LWA) from harbour sediments with respect to the product quality and environmental aspects of the use of the LWA. 相似文献110.
Sujit?K.?GhoshEmail author 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2003,8(3):367-382
This article considers statistical modeling of a simplified version of Darwinian evolution which involves only two genes encoding
one molecule. In particular, we consider a process known as affinity maturation that is carried out in the germinal center reaction (GCR). We use a statistical model, developed earlier, that enables us to tease apart the effects of mutation rate and selection
in B cell populations undergoing an immune response. Standard classical statistical approaches that use large-sample theory
may lead to misleading conclusions when sample size is very small. The data collection in many biological systems, including
the immune response of vertebrate organisms, is both time consuming and often results in relatively small datasets. Therefore,
this article takes a Bayesian perspective that produces finite-sample estimates of the mutation rates and is flexible in extending
the models to more complicated processes. The method is illustrated using sequence data obtained from Gen bank that carried
the experiment over two years. 相似文献