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31.
Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the citrus genus: number of copies and phylogenetic diversity of seven genes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fanciullino AL Dhuique-Mayer C Luro F Morillon R Ollitrault P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(18):7405-7417
The first objective of this paper was to analyze the potential role of allelic variability of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the interspecific diversity in carotenoid composition of Citrus juices. The second objective was to determine the number of copies for each of these genes. Seven carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. RFLP analyses were performed with the genomic DNA obtained from 25 Citrus genotypes using several restriction enzymes. cDNA fragments of Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcy-b, Lcy-e, Hy-b, and Zep genes labeled with [alpha-(32)P]dCTP were used as probes. For SSR analyses, two primer pairs amplifying two SSR sequences identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Lcy-b and Hy-b genes were designed. The number of copies of the seven genes ranged from one for Lcy-b to three for Zds. The genetic diversity revealed by RFLP and SSR profiles was in agreement with the genetic diversity obtained from neutral molecular markers. Genetic interpretation of RFLP and SSR profiles of four genes (Psy1, Pds1, Lcy-b, and Lcy-e1) enabled us to make inferences on the phylogenetic origin of alleles for the major commercial citrus species. Moreover, the results of our analyses suggest that the allelic diversity observed at the locus of both of lycopene cyclase genes, Lcy-b and Lcy-e1, is associated with interspecific diversity in carotenoid accumulation in Citrus. The interspecific differences in carotenoid contents previously reported to be associated with other key steps catalyzed by PSY, HY-b, and ZEP were not linked to specific alleles at the corresponding loci. 相似文献
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Michel Grimaldi Johan Oszwald Sylvain Dolédec Maria del Pilar Hurtado Izildinha de Souza Miranda Xavier Arnauld de Sartre William Santos de Assis Edna Castañeda Thierry Desjardins Florence Dubs Edward Guevara Valery Gond Tâmara Thaiz Santana Lima Raphaël Marichal Fernando Michelotti Danielle Mitja Norberto Cornejo Noronha Mariana Nascimento Delgado Oliveira Bertha Ramirez Gamaliel Rodriguez Max Sarrazin Mário Lopes da Silva Jr. Luiz Gonzaga Silva Costa Simão Lindoso de Souza Iran Veiga Elena Velasquez Patrick Lavelle 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(2):311-328
Landscape dynamics result from forestry and farming practices, both of which are expected to have diverse impacts on ecosystem services (ES). In this study, we investigated this general statement for regulating and supporting services via an assessment of ecosystem functions: climate regulation via carbon sequestration in soil and plant biomass, water cycle and soil erosion regulation via water infiltration in soil, and support for primary production via soil chemical quality and water storage. We tested the hypothesis that patterns of land-cover composition and structure significantly alter ES metrics at two different scales. We surveyed 54 farms in two Amazonian regions of Brazil and Colombia and assessed land-cover composition and structure from remote sensing data (farm scale) from 1990 to 2007. Simple and well-established methods were used to characterize soil and vegetation from five points in each farm (plot scale). Most ES metrics were significantly correlated with land-use (plot scale) and land-cover (farm scale) classifications; however, spatial variability in inherent soil properties, alone or in interaction with land-use or land-cover changes, contributed greatly to variability in ES metrics. Carbon stock in above-ground plant biomass and water infiltration rate decreased from forest to pasture land covers, whereas soil chemical quality and plant-available water storage capacity increased. Land-cover classifications based on structure metrics explained significantly less ES metric variation than those based on composition metrics. Land-cover composition dynamics explained 45 % (P < 0.001) of ES metric variance, 15 % by itself and 30 % in interaction with inherent soil properties. This study describes how ES evolve with landscape changes, specifying the contribution of spatial variability in the physical environment and highlighting trade-offs and synergies among ES. 相似文献
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Hildebrandt S Kratzin HD Schaller R Fritsché R Steinhart H Paschke A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(5):1727-1733
Hen's egg allergy represents one of the most common and severe IgE-mediated reactions to food in infants and young children. It persists, however, in many cases also lifelong. Therefore, the aim of this study was the detailed analysis of a technological process used to reduce the allergenic potential of hen's egg. The investigation focused on the pasteurized egg as starting material, intermediate, and final products of a nine-step manufacturing process performed for use of eggs in convenience products appropriate for allergic individuals. The steps consisted of a combination of various heat treatments and enzymatic hydrolyses. The alterations were controlled by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting, enzyme allergosorbent test (EAST) inhibition, and mass spectrometry. Thereby it could be demonstrated that the allergenic potential of the raw material was reduced from step to step, and despite the known stability against heat and proteolysis of certain egg proteins, the total allergenic potential was finally below 1/100 that of the starting material without a significant change in texture and flavor as evaluated in various products. 相似文献
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While shedding routes of Coxiella burnetii are identified, the characteristics of Coxiella shedding are still widely unknown, especially in dairy cattle. However, this information is crucial to assess the natural course of Coxiella burnetii infection within a herd and then to elaborate strategies to limit the risks of transmission between animals and to humans. The present study aimed at (i) describing the characteristics of Coxiella burnetii shedding by dairy cows (in milk, vaginal mucus, faeces) in five infected dairy herds, and at (ii) investigating the possible relationships between shedding patterns and serological responses. A total of 145 cows were included in a follow-up consisting of seven concomitant samplings of milk, vaginal mucus, faeces and blood (Day 0, D7, D14, D21, D28, D63, D90). Detection and quantification of Coxiella burnetii titres were performed in milk, vaginal mucus and faeces samples using real-time PCR assay, while antibodies against Coxiella were detected using an ELISA technique. For a given shedding route, and a given periodicity (weekly or monthly), cows were gathered into different shedding kinetic patterns according to the sequence of PCR responses. Distribution of estimated titres in Coxiella burnetii was described according to shedding kinetic patterns. Coxiella burnetii shedding was found scarcely and sporadically in faeces. Vaginal mucus shedding concerned almost 50% of the cows studied and was found intermittently or sporadically, depending on the periodicity considered. Almost 40% of cows were detected as milk shedders, with two predominant shedding patterns: persistent and sporadic, regardless of the sampling periodicity. Significantly higher estimated titres in Coxiella burnetii were observed in cows with persistent shedding patterns suggesting the existence of heavy shedder cows. These latter cows were mostly, persistently highly-seropositive, suggesting that repeated serological testings could be a reliable tool to screen heavy shedders, before using PCR assays. 相似文献
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Cécile Madelaine Eric Malézieux Nicole Sibelet Raphaël J. Manlay 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,73(3):189-204
In West Africa, natural regeneration of oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) can be favoured by agricultural practices. The structure of palm groves may thus reflect the history of land use.
In this study, we examined the connection between biophysical factors, land use and the structure and dynamics of semi-wild
palm groves in the village of Nienh, in the forest region of Guinea (Forest Guinea), in order to determine to what extent
semi-wild palm groves could be considered as an ecological indicator of the history of regional landscapes. Grove management
strategies of farmers were also determined and related to farm characteristics. In Nienh, semi-wild palm groves were found
in three cropping systems with differing characteristics in each. Palms were scarce in lowland agricultural areas (8 palms ha−1), while they were significantly taller (15.8 m on average) and less dense (36 palms ha−1) in agroforests than in slash-and-burn cropping systems (9.4 m and 55 palms ha−1 respectively). Interviews with farmers showed that it was possible for a farmer to have a global strategy of semi-wild palm
grove densification combined with oil palm elimination on a plot scale. The lack of regeneration of palms in agroforests resulted
from the almost systematic elimination of young palms by farmers. Conversely, in slash-and-burn cropping systems, young palms
were often preserved. As the structure of semi-wild palm groves was partly explained by agricultural practices, it could be
used as an ecological indicator of changes in practice in relation to socio-economic context. 相似文献
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Thirty years of fleet dynamics modelling using discrete‐choice models: What have we learned? 下载免费PDF全文
Raphaël Girardin Katell G Hamon John Pinnegar Jan Jaap Poos Olivier Thébaud Alex Tidd Youen Vermard Paul Marchal 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(4):638-655
Anticipating fisher behaviour is necessary for successful fisheries management. Of the different concepts that have been developed to understand individual fisher behaviour, random utility models (RUMs) have attracted considerable attention in the past three decades, and more particularly so since the 2000s. This study aimed at summarizing and analysing the information gathered from RUMs used during the last three decades around the globe. A methodology has been developed to standardize information across different studies and compare RUM results. The studies selected focused on fishing effort allocation. Six types of fisher behaviour drivers were considered: the presence of other vessels in the same fishing area, tradition, expected revenue, species targeting, costs, and risk‐taking. Analyses were performed using three separate linear modelling approaches to assess the extent to which these different drivers impacted fisher behaviour in three fleet types: fleets fishing for demersal species using active gears, fleets fishing for demersal species using passive gears and fleets fishing for pelagic species. Fishers are attracted by higher expected revenue, tradition, species targeting and presence of others, but avoid choices involving large costs. Results also suggest that fishers fishing for demersal species using active gears are generally more influenced by past seasonal (long‐term) patterns than by the most recent (short‐term) information. Finally, the comparison of expected revenue with other fisher behaviour drivers highlights that demersal fishing vessels are risk‐averse and that tradition and species targeting influence fisher decisions more than expected revenue. 相似文献
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Artificial daily fluctuations of river discharge affect the larval drift and survival of a tropical amphidromous goby 下载免费PDF全文
Raphaël Lagarde Nils Teichert Laëtitia Faivre Henri Grondin Hélène Magalon Agathe Pirog Pierre Valade Dominique Ponton 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(3):646-659
Amphidromous fish species reproduce in rivers, and their larvae immediately drift to the sea after hatching. Most of these larvae survive in freshwater for a few days only, rapidly reaching sea water is thus essential. Being of small size, especially among species of the Sicydiinae subfamily, the larvae possess poor swimming abilities; their drift dynamics is considered to be mainly passive and influenced by flow conditions. The influence of daily fluctuations in flow regime on Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Sicydiinae) larval drift patterns was studied using drift nets at three sites along the dammed Langevin River in Reunion Island. The river flow was stable at the upstream site when frequent anthropogenic river flow fluctuations were observed at the two sites downstream to the dam. Weak diel larval drift dynamics were detected at the upstream site and the first site under anthropogenic river flow conditions. In contrast, larval drift dynamics at the most downstream site was strongly influenced by anthropogenic daily fluctuations of discharge: the abundance of drifting larvae increased with peaks of discharge, regardless of the time. As higher mortality rates of drifting larvae were observed during discharge peaks, the benefit of a more rapid travel to the ocean associated with these peaks should be lower than expected. It is concluded that peaks of discharge increase the number of larvae drifting to the sea probably due to higher physical constraints on the egg clutches, but also decrease the chance of survival for larvae that may be nonfully developed. 相似文献