Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) of antimicrobial peptides on growth, protease activity of foregut, the morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression level in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the feed of antimicrobial peptides promote common carp growth, and the optimal dosage of antimicrobial peptides is 200–333 mg/kg in the common carp feed. The protease activity of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). The foregut villus height with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The crypt depth of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height and crypt depth of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio with 600 mg/kg group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The IGF‐I gene expression level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group and 600 mg/kg group (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β gene expression level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated up‐regulation of growth and immune related genes in antimicrobial peptides fed common carp. Correlation analysis showed that IGF‐I mRNA and IL‐1β mRNA were positively correlated with SGR. IL‐1β mRNA and FCR were significantly negative correlated. It indicated that growth and immune gene common regulated the growth of the carp under antimicrobial peptides intervention. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides can improve growth and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp. Further studies using molecular biological technique or immunologic methods are required to conclude that antimicrobial peptides are beneficial in common carp.     

鸡粪的施用对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜DX108为试验材料,以尿素为氮源的处理为对照(CK),研究了相同施氮量条件下,鸡粪与尿素配施(A)以及鸡粪(B)对甜瓜果实葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的影响,分析了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS,蔗糖合成与分解方向)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性。结果表明,与CK相比,B、A明显促进了果实中果糖、蔗糖及葡萄糖积累,尤其是显著增加了成熟果实中这3种糖的含量。相关性分析表明,CK的甜瓜果实蔗糖积累与AI活性呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与SPS和SS(蔗糖合成酶)合成方向酶活性呈显著正相关;A和B果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累(除B中葡萄糖积累)与SPS、NI活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与SS分解方向酶活性呈极显著负相关,而A果实中葡萄糖积累与SPS和NI活性呈极显著正相关。综上所述,A和B提高了果实中SPS、NI活性,降低了SS分解方向酶活性,进而促进了糖的积累。本研究结果为有机肥替代化学氮肥在甜瓜生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

基于层次分析法的面制主食杀菌及包装生产线设计与试验

为适应面制主食工业化生产,保证主食流通过程中的质量,研制可集成于面制主食工业化生产线末端的复合杀菌包装生产线。依据面制主食贮藏特性及流通过程中变质的影响因素,结合食品保鲜包装的技术与方法,确定面制主食杀菌包装生产线由主食干燥、复合杀菌和包装三大功能装置组成。在设计方案时采用层次分析法,选择主食杀菌包装生产线上所用食品干燥、杀菌保鲜技术方案,并设计生产线的物料流程。优选的结果为,干燥采用红外线干燥,复合杀菌方式为低温、紫外线和臭氧相结合,包装采用接缝式裹包,且整条生产线可程序化控制,实现杀菌时间、紫外线照度、臭氧浓度和温度的实时调节,为主食品工业化生产提供杀菌包装装备。利用该设备对馒头进行复合杀菌试验,结果表明馒头的色泽和质构均优于自然放置的馒头,经杀菌包装后的馒头在温度4℃,相对湿度为50%~70%的环境中贮存20 d其菌落总数为3.5 lg(CFU/g),达到预定20 d的保质期。研究结果为面制主食工业化生产及复合杀菌包装装备设计提供参考。     

快速城镇化地区土地利用演变及驱动机制——以巢湖流域为例

[目的]探究巢湖流域土地利用演变特征规律及驱动机制,为实现区域土地资源的优化配置和社会经济的可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]收集巢湖流域及区县1996—2014年土地利用变更调查及社会经济统计年鉴,运用土地利用数量、程度及空间差异计量模型,以及主成分分析法,采用数据统计软件,模拟巢湖流域土地利用变化演化规律及其驱动因素。[结果]近20a来巢湖流域各土地利用类型均发生变化,但不同土地利用类型变化的总量、变化幅度和变化速度却存在明显差异,耕地、园地、草地减少较为突出,林地略有增加,其他农用地减少将近1/2;建设用地总量增长幅度更大,特别是城镇工矿用地及交通基础设施用地增长迅猛,农村居民点用地略有减少;巢湖全域土地利用程度自2004年之后呈现逐年上升趋势,合肥市辖区及周边县域土地利用开发程度较高,其他区域相对较低;耕地减少率金安区、瑶海区、肥西县、含山县居前,城镇用地增加率肥西县、长丰县、巢湖市位于前列;投资拉动、经济发展、工业推进、人口增加及城镇化是巢湖流域特别是近10a多土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。[结论]巢湖流域加快建设长三角世界级城市群副中心城市及生态文明先行示范区,需进一步优化土地利用空间格局,盘活建设用地存量,提高建设用地效率,走资源节约型与环境友好型的土地利用模式。     

Effect of salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon in a tidal wetland

Purpose

Climate warming and sea level rise have the potential to change the salt level of soil in tidal wetlands. And it is important to clarify the process and the mechanism of decomposition of soil organic carbon in a tidal wetland under varying salinities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of soil salinity on the decomposition rate of organic carbon (DROC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a tidal wetland.

Materials and methods

Two types of soil (surface soil in Suaeda salsa and bare tidal flat) were collected, air-dried, and homogenized. After adding different content of salt (0 g/L, 3 g/L, 6 g/L, 9 g/L, and 12 g/L), the soils were incubated for 28 days at stable room temperature (25?±?2 °C) and added by deionized water to maintain the stability of soil moisture. The gases (CO₂ and CH₄) emission rates of each salt treatment were measured during 28-day incubation. DROC was determined by the sum of daily CO₂-C emission rates and daily CH₄-C emission rates in this study.

Results and discussion

Salt addition inhibited the process of gas emissions and DROC. Gases emission rates and DROC of two types of soil showed similar temporal trends, with distinctive drop in the beginning of experiment and no significant decrease followed. Significant difference of DOC among salt treatments was found in the bare tidal flat soil. Variations of partial correlation between DROC and soil salinity and DOC showed similar trends (e.g., in days 9–18, the positive effect of DOC on DROC was greatly promoted (R²?=?0.80, p?<?0.001), and the negative effect of soil salinity was highly improved (R²?=?0.93, p?<?0.001)). Soil properties, in particular DOC, may be primary factors accounting for the discrepancy of gases emission rates and DROC of two types of soil.

Conclusions

Increased soil salinity had a negative effect on DROC during 28-day incubation. The impact of soil salinity and DOC on DROC were varied in different phases of laboratory experiment (soil salinity generally had increasingly negative relationship with DROC, but DOC showed most significantly positive relationship in the middle stage of incubation). Both the formation and consumption of DOC may be valuable for more detail research regarding to decomposition of soil organic carbon.

     

用材林病虫害的可持续控制策略

根据病虫害在森林生态系统中的地位及种群动态规律,提出了以生态学为基础的可持续控制战略;根据不同的病虫害种类及林分的不同经营目的,提出了森林病虫害的种群管理策略;根据我国的现状,提出了２１世纪森林病虫害的科学管理体系和社会管理体系。     

施氮和接种AM真菌对刺槐生长及营养代谢的影响

以灭菌土为生长基质,采用盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同施氮水乎下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉和缩球囊霉对刺槐生长和营养代谢的影响.结果表明:接种AM真菌后刺槐根系菌根侵染率、根系活力和植株的生物量以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性都随着施氮量的增加先升高后降低,在土壤中施氮量为0.4 g·kg-1水平时最好;相反,刺槐叶片丙二醛(MDA)和游离脯氨酸(PRO)含量却随着施氮量的增加先降低后升高,在施氮量为0.4 g·kg-1水平时最小.AM真菌的菌根效应因菌种不同而异,接种摩西球囊霉后,其菌根侵染率与各指标的相关性显著,更能促进刺槐的生长和营养代谢.     

基于ANSYS的植树挖坑机主轴的优化设计

用有限元分析软件ANSYS对挖境机主轴进行优化设计，从理论上说明优化设计的数学模型，并给出具体的设计步骤。通过得出的优化结果。说明ANSYS优化设计模块在机械结构优化设计上的优越性和可行性，为其他较为复杂的结构优化提供新的思路和方法。     

特早熟桃早春蕾选育研究

早春蕾桃属于早熟桃的全株变异。该品种树势健壮,花芽着生部位低,以中长果枝结果为主;幼树早果丰产性能好,果实的主要经济性状均优于春蕾桃,并且具有良好的遗传稳定性和较强的适应性和抗逆性,是目前成熟期最早的桃树优良品种,并于１９９９年３月,通过了山东省品种审定委员会审定。     

苹果绵蚜对不同苹果品种枝条的选择及与挥发物的关系

为探讨苹果绵蚜与苹果树的互作关系,用Y形嗅觉仪测试该虫对不同苹果品种枝条的嗅觉反应,顶空萃取枝条挥发物,并进行GC-MS分析.结果表明:该虫在寄主选择时,能被不同品种苹果枝条气味吸引;对珊夏的趋向性最强,平均选择率为71.25%,其次是短枝富士、乔纳金、腾木1号,平均选择率均在60%以上;对首红的最弱,平均选择率仅为56.75%.珊夏枝条挥发物主要成分(E-3-己烯-1-醇、甲酸己酯)的相对含量(14.74%,9.52%)均多于其他品种;首红枝条挥发物主要成分(4-甲基-1,3-戊二烯、乙酸叶醇酯)的相对含量(16.37%,10.27%)均多于其他品种.初步确定,E-3-己烯-1-醇、甲酸己酯可能是对苹果绵蚜有较强引诱作用的重要物质;4-甲基-1,3-戊二烯、乙酸叶醇酯不是引诱苹果绵蚜的物质.