卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮发展与研究现状

为解决国产水涡轮效率低的问题,回顾了国内外卷盘式喷灌机的发展及研究历程和早期对水涡轮的研究,综述了近5 a国内研究人员围绕国产JP50和JP75两种水涡轮所开展的外特性试验、CFD分析和改进措施等研究现状.概述了国外目前常见的冲击式和径流式两种水涡轮的结构类型,重点介绍了国内学者针对引进国外的一种进口为射流冲击式结构的水涡轮所开展的创新性研究,在试验和CFD模拟的基础上,发现这种结构水涡轮的内外特性比国产水涡轮有很大提高,并通过正交试验分析了各种参数对性能的影响,采用GA_-BP优化算法进行了进一步优化设计,获得了一种优化的水涡轮模型,CFD分析和试验都证明,优化水涡轮的内外性能全面超过了国外水涡轮.最后,总结了水涡轮研究存在的不足,提出了今后对水涡轮研究的改进建议.     

基于CFD的全金属单螺杆泵非稳态流场计算及性能预测

为了得到螺杆泵内非稳态流场特性及间隙泄漏规律,采用CFD的动网格技术,针对油田使用的全金属单螺杆泵进行三维瞬态流场数值模拟,在此基础上预测计算了不同转速、压头和流体黏度条件下螺杆泵的流量、功率及总效率并与试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,螺杆泵在运行中具有显著的非稳态特性,在1个旋转周期内,流量出现的脉动次数与螺杆泵定子转子导程的比值相一致,高压头工况下的泄漏量和流量值的脉动幅度明显大于低压头工况下的情况;在计算高压头螺杆泵输入功率时,机械及容积损失不应忽略.基于CFD的性能预测和实测数据的趋势较为一致,误差在工程允许范围内,表明采用的模拟计算方法是切实可行的.     

长期水耕植稻对水稻土耕层质地的影响

为了解长期水耕植稻对南方地区水田表土层颗粒组成的影响,以浙江省为研究区,采用历史资料分析、典型样区调查及定点观察相结合的方法,研究水稻土耕作层(包括犁底层)与心土层间黏粒含量的差异,分析植稻时间对水稻土不同土层颗粒组成的影响,比较植稻期间稻田排水中泥砂物质的颗粒组成与对应土壤间的差异,探讨了长期植稻对水稻土剖面质地分异的影响。对浙江省456个代表性剖面统计,与水稻土心土层比较,耕作层和犁底层黏粒含量平均下降了14%和10%。对植稻不同时间的浅海沉积物(从10～20年至80年)、第四纪红土(从5～20年至70年)和玄武岩风化物(从5～20年至35～70年)发育的水稻土比较发现,随植稻时间的增加,耕作层和犁底层土壤砂粒含量呈现增加趋势,黏粒含量明显下降,耕作层、犁底层与心土层黏粒含量的比值逐渐下降。农田排水中泥砂物质的黏粒和粉砂含量高于对应农田土壤,而砂粒含量则低于相应的土壤。分析认为,长期水耕植稻可导致耕作层土壤砂化(即砂粒含量增加,黏粒含量下降),其原因除与水耕过程中黏粒淋淀外,排水中黏粒和粉砂细颗粒的选择性流失对耕作层砂化也有较大的贡献。     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

Effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice in northern Jiangsu plain,China

Mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC) and mechanical direct seeding (MD) are newly developed planting methods, which increase in popularity and planted area each year. Knowing the difference for yield and rice quality under different planting methods is of great importance for the development of high quality and yield cultivation techniques under mechanical conditions. Therefore, three kinds of japonica rice including hybrid japonica rice, inbreed japonica rice, and soft rice were adopted as materials. And the differences in the quality of processing, appearance, cooking and eating quality, nutrition, and the rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) profile were studied to reveal the effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice. Results showed that the milled rice and head rice rates under MC was significantly higher than those under MD, and the processing quality of inbreed japonica rice was the most stable. Compared with MC, length/width ratio of rice under MD was significantly increased, and chalkiness rate, size, and degree were significantly decreased. The protein content under MD was lower than that under MC. MC showed higher peak viscosity and breakdown value than MD. The taste value was the greatest for soft rice, followed by inbreed japonica rice, and then by japonica hybrid rice, with no significant differences resulting from planting methods. Compared with MC, MD significantly improved the appearance quality, though processing quality and nutritional quality were decreased. And there was no significant difference in cooking and eating quality between MC and MD. Under different planting methods, the appearance quality of inbreed japonica rice changed the most and the processing quality was the most stable. The nutritional, cooking and eating quality of soft rice changed the least. Therefore, according to the different planting methods and market needs, selecting the appropriate rice varieties can reduce the risks in rice production and achieve good rice quality.     

Unravelling transcriptome changes between two distinct maize inbred lines using RNA-seq

Seed size play a significant role in maize yield production. Two maize inbred lines with distinct seed size and weight, V671 (a large-seed inbred line) and Mc (a small-seed inbred line), were investigated by RNA-seq at 14 days after pollination (DAP), when maize endosperm undergoes an active transition from mitosis to storage accumulation. RNA-seq expression data showed that the small-seed line Mc had a higher storage accumulation activity, whereas the large-seed kernel line V671 possessed a higher DNA synthesis activity. An investigation of the pattern of increasing kernel width at serial DAPs showed that V671 experienced an increased kernel width later than did Mc, but the rate and duration of increase were longer in V671. SDS-PAGE of the storage proteins and quantitative RT-PCR of cell cycle-related genes and indole-3-acetic (IAA) synthesis genes certified that the transition from mitosis to storage accumulation starts earlier in Mc. We hypothesized that the difference in the mitosis-to-storage accumulation transition accounts for the larger seed size in V671 vs. Mc.     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对黑腹果蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响

研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对模式生物黑腹果蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对黑腹果蝇的生长发育有明显抑制和致畸作用,随着其质量浓度升高,黑腹果蝇的蛹化数率和羽化数呈先增加后降低趋势,繁殖性能随着邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)质量浓度的升高表现出先升高后降低的趋势。     

基于时间序列塔里木河中游胡杨林春尺蠖危害的遥感监测

【目的】研究适用于塔里木河流域胡杨林春尺蠖危害中等尺度遥感监测方法。【方法】基于国产卫星HJ 星 CCD数据时间序列,构建监测模型,以塔里木胡杨国家级自然保护区为例,进行遥感病虫害监测研究。【结果】2017年3月下旬至4月上旬,胡杨林NDVI均值呈上升趋势,4月下旬至5月上旬呈明显下降,5月中旬后时,其NDVI再次上升;4月中旬至5月上旬,春尺蠖幼虫以3龄、4龄、5龄为主时,胡杨林被危害较为严重,其监测精度高达85%,但是,3月下旬至4月上旬,当春尺蠖幼虫以1龄、2龄为主时,胡杨被危害程度较轻,其监测精度较低为5%;研究区西侧轮台县胡杨林较先受到危害,东侧尉犁县胡杨后受到危害。【结论】我国HJ卫星,通过植被指数可有效评估塔里木河中游胡杨林受春尺蠖危害情况,当且仅当植被受害较为严重时其精度较高。4月中旬至5月上旬,春尺蠖幼虫以3龄、4龄、5龄为主时,是春尺蠖严重危害胡杨林的主要时期。由于研究区西侧轮台县春尺蠖发生较早,胡杨林较先受到危害,东侧尉犁县春尺蠖发生相对较晚,胡杨林后受到春尺蠖危害。     

羊肉近红外光谱采集质量的影响因素

【目的】研究羊肉近红外光谱采集质量影响因素。【方法】以新疆羊肉为研究对象,研究不同光源、光纤参数、仪器检测时间、采集距离、采集参数等对光谱采集质量的影响。【结果】VIVO光源性能优于HL-2000光源,功率较大,温控好的光源能提高光谱重复性、减小光谱噪声;增加接收光纤芯径或数目,光谱反射率增大;随着仪器检测时间增长,光谱基线漂移越严重且各波长点向短波方向移动;随着采集距离的增加,光谱反射率先增大再减小;积分时间变长,光谱质量变好;适当增加平滑度和平均次数光谱质量较好。【结论】分析了各因素对光谱的影响,为改进仪器和检测条件提供了一定的参考依据。     

4种冬青属植物花粉离体培养基筛选和贮藏条件的研究

以4种冬青属植物花粉为试验材料,采用正交试验设计,分析了蔗糖、H₃BO₃和CaCl₂组成的液体培养基对冬青花粉萌发率和花粉管生长的影响,筛选出适合4种冬青花粉离体培养的培养基,同时探讨了4℃和-20℃贮藏条件对冬青花粉生活力的影响。结果表明:1）短梗冬青、全缘冬青和大叶冬青适宜的蔗糖浓度为10%,大别山冬青为5%,短梗冬青、全缘冬青适宜的H₃BO₃浓度为0.002%,大别山冬青和大叶冬青为0.006%,CaCl₂促进大叶冬青的花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,但抑制其他3种冬青。2）在4℃和-20℃贮藏条件下,4种冬青花粉随时间的增加萌发率均表现为先升后降,其中短梗冬青和大别山冬青在-20℃贮藏条件下花粉萌发率高于4℃;全缘冬青和大叶冬青花粉贮藏前期萌发率在4℃条件下高于-20℃,贮藏后期在-20℃条件下随着时间增加花粉萌发率下降趋势较4℃缓慢。3）花粉管长度在2种贮藏条件下随时间增加均表现为先增后减,短梗冬青花粉在4℃条件下花粉管长度增减幅度明显,但在-20℃条件下花粉管长度在贮藏56 d无差异变化;全缘冬青、大叶冬青和大别山冬青花粉管在2种贮藏条件下先增后减趋势一致,但-20℃条件下随着时间增加花粉管长度减短趋势较4℃缓慢。4）4种冬青花粉萌发率与花粉管长度均存在一定的正相关性。综合得出,冬青花粉活力个体差异显著;4℃适合冬青花粉短时间贮藏,-20℃更适于冬青花粉的长时间贮藏;根据花期和花粉生活力丧失速度的差异,短梗冬青和全缘冬青适合作为冬青属种间杂交的父本,大叶冬青和大别山冬青适合做母本。